Off label uses of hyaluronic acid fillers: A review.

Food and Drug Administration approved indications of hyaluronic acid fillers include some facial wrinkles or skin folds like naso-labial folds, perioral wrinkles, volumization of lip, cheek, chin, and dorsal region of the hands, also acne scars and lipoatrophy of human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. This article reviews the off-label indications of hyaluronic acid fillers such as connective tissue disorders (lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, and dermatomyositis), lipoatrophy associated with other diseases, breast volumization, giving volume to buttocks and the feet, implant into bone, tendon, ligament or muscle, injection to glabella, nose, periorbital region, forehead, or neck.

Ultraviolet and COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19 virus causes coronavirus disease. AIMS: It is a highly contagious viral infection. PATIENTS/METHODS/RESULTS/CONCLUSION: In this article, we will discuss the potential phototherapy problems and also alternative options for dermatologists, ultraviolet treatment against COVID-19 virus, and vitamin D-associated problems in these coronavirus days.

Cutaneous side-effects of the potential COVID-19 drugs.

COVID-19 disease is a highly contagious and particularly popular problem in all countries. A variety of repurposed drugs and investigational drugs such as remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ritonavir, lopinavir, interferon-beta, and other potential drugs have been studied for COVID19 treatment. We reviewed the potential dermatological side-effects of these drugs.

Aesthetic dermatology procedures in coronavirus days.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19), which causes coronavirus disease 2019, is highly contagious and a particularly popular problem in all around the world and also in all departments of every hospital. AIMS: Protecting the well-being of the aesthetic dermatologists while providing a sufficient workforce is vital for pandemic planning. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: In this article, we will discuss this problem from an aesthetic dermatology aspect and we will review whether these procedures are safe or not.

Historical corona name in dermatology.

Nowadays, medical doctors are fighting with new coronavirus, COVID-19 problem in all countries. Corona means a circular crown, from the Latin word for "crown or garland." We summarized some corona-associated skin problems and also skin involvement like-crown in dermatology.

Coronavirus-days in dermatology.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus-2, which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is highly contagious and a particularly popular problem in all around the World and also in all departments of every hospital. In order to protect the well-being of health care providers while providing a sufficient workforce to respond to the COVID-19 are vital for pandemic planning. In this article, we will discuss this problem from a dermatological aspect.

The Effectiveness of Matrix Cauterization With Bichloracetic Acid in the Treatment of Ingrown Toenails.

BACKGROUND: Chemical matricectomy is performed mainly by 2 agents, phenol and sodium hydroxide. Chemical matricectomy with phenol has a low recurrence rate and good cosmetic results, but it produces extensive tissue destruction and can result in drainage and a delayed healing time. These adverse effects have brought forward the use of chemical agents such as sodium hydroxide and trichloroacetic acid for matricectomy. OBJECTIVE: This prospective study aimed mainly to evaluate the efficacy of partial nail avulsion and selective chemical cauterization of the matrix using 90% bichloracetic acid (BCA) in the treatment of the ingrown nails. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 patients with 58 ingrown toenail edges were included in this study. All of the patients underwent chemical matricectomy with 90% BCA after partial nail avulsion. Adverse effects such as postoperative pain and drainage were minimal in most of the patients. RESULTS: One patient who underwent matricectomy had recurrence in a single nail edge (1.8%) at the 12th month of the follow-up. No recurrence was observed in 29 patients during mean follow-up period. This was considered to be statistically significant (p < .001). CONCLUSION: This is the first study to use BCA for the treatment of ingrown toenail. Partial nail avulsion followed by BCA matricectomy is a safe, simple, and effective method with low rates of postoperative morbidity and high rates of success. Therefore, partial nail avulsion and BCA matricectomy can be used as an alternative treatment method for the treatment of ingrown toenails.

The Relationship between ABO Blood Groups and Acne Vulgaris.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Studies of associations between various cancers and the ABO blood groups have shown elevated relative risks for some categories of disease. There has so far been no report of an evaluation of the relationship between the ABO blood groups and acne vulgaris. To investigate this association, we conducted a retrospective study of acne vulgaris diagnosed in Turkey. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All cases were clinically confirmed. Blood information was obtained on 498 individuals with acne vulgaris, and the distribution of ABO and Rh blood type for cases was compared with that of 419 healthy blood donors from the same geographic area. RESULTS: Patients with group A and B blood groups ratios were higher than the control group, but not statistically significant (P = 0.325 and P = 0.138). The ratio of the patient group with AB blood group was significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.01). The ratio of blood group O of patient group was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.01). There were no statistically significant differences between the patient and control groups in the distribution of Rh factor. CONCLUSION: Our study showed a significant association of AB and O blood groups with acne vulgaris. Further studies in a larger series on blood group antigens are needed to shed some light on the relationship between these antigens and skin cancer.

Microchimerism in alopecia areata.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmunity is the main etiopathogenetic factor in alopecia areata. Microchimerism is the existence of allogeneic DNA in a living creature. There are variable studies investigating the role of microchimerism on the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. To our knowledge, no report has investigated the relationship between microchimerism and alopecia areata. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the possible role of microchimerism on alopecia areata. METHODS: We analyzed SRY gene levels as indicators of fetal microchimerism in our patient group. The patients were 29 women with alopecia areata, over 18 years old, who had visited our clinic between 2010 and 2013. Patients were divided into two groups; group 1 consisted of 14 patients having a son and group 2, 15 patients either nulliparous or having a daughter. RESULTS: Seventeen of 29 patients (58.6%) and four of 103 controls (3.9%) showed presence of an SRY gene. The difference between the patient and control groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: As a result of our study, microchimerism may be associated with the etiopathogenesis of alopecia areata. However, we think there is a need for a larger series of studies to support this hypothesis.

The effectiveness of matrix cauterization with trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of ingrown toenails.

Ingrown toenail is an often painful clinical condition that usually affects the big toe. Chemical matricectomy with phenol has a low recurrence rate and good cosmetic results. However, it produces extensive tissue destruction that can result in drainage and delayed healing. Alternatives such as sodium hydroxide and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) have therefore come into vogue. A total of 39 patients with 56 ingrown toenail edges underwent chemical matricectomy with 90% TCA after partial nail avulsion. In most of the patients, adverse effects such as postoperative pain and drainage were minimal. One patient who underwent matricectomy had recurrence in a single nail edge (1.8%) at 12 months follow-up. No recurrence was observed among 38 patients during the mean follow-up period. This was considered to be statistically significant (P < 0.001). Partial nail avulsion followed by TCA matricectomy is a safe, simple, and effective method with low rates of postoperative morbidity and high rates of success.

Microchimerism in Behçet's disease.

BACKGROUND: Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by chronic relapsing oral aphthous lesions, genital ulcers, and uveitis. Immunological dysfunction is the most emphasized etiopathogenetic factor. Microchimerism is existence of an allogeneic DNA in a living creature. There are variable studies investigating the role of microchimerism on etiopathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. To our knowledge, no report has investigated the relationship between microchimerism and BD. We aimed to investigate the possible role of microchimerism on BD as an autoimmune disorder. METHODS: We analyzed the SRY gene as an indicator of fetal microchimerism in our patient and healthy control groups. The patients were 105 women with BD over 18 years old who had applied to multidisciplinary Behçet's disease clinic at Mersin University between 2005 and 2011. Patients were divided into two groups: group 1 consisted of 39 patients having a son, and group 2, 15 patients either nulliparous or having a daughter. Controls comprised two groups of women according to whether or not they had a son, i.e., group 3 (n = 51) and group 4 (n = 52), respectively. All patients with BD fulfilled International Study Group criteria for the diagnosis of BD. RESULTS: Forty-one of 54 (75.9%) patients and four of 103 (3.9%) controls showed presence of the SRY gene. The difference between the patient and control groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: As a result of our study, microchimerism may be associated with the etiopathogenesis of BD. However, we think there is a need for a larger series of studies to support this hypothesis.