Learning to Beat the Shock Clock: A Low-Fidelity Simulation Board Game for Pediatric and Emergency Medicine Residents.

Introduction: Resident physicians may have difficulty with identifying and managing pediatric septic shock due to limited patient encounters. Simulation-based interventions can enhance competency. We developed a low-fidelity tabletop simulation game to teach pediatric septic shock and compared residents' knowledge of and comfort with recognition and management of septic shock. Methods: Pediatric and emergency medicine residents participated in an education session involving a low-fidelity, tabletop simulation in which they managed two simulated pediatric patients with septic shock. The two patients were a 12-year-old healthy male with cold shock due to a urinary tract infection and a 5-year-old female with a history of leukemia who developed warm shock due to pneumonia. Because this session was presented as a board game rather than high-fidelity simulation, learners focused on decision making rather than the mechanics of procedures. Residents completed a survey and a knowledge-based test before and after this session. Results: Twenty-three pediatric and nine emergency medicine residents participated. Correct responses for the preintervention test were 71%, compared with 83% postintervention. The difference in rates was 12% (95% confidence interval, -0.17 to -0.07; p < .0001). Residents rated this modality as being more useful than lectures or reading and as equivalent to bedside teaching and high-fidelity simulation. Discussion: Our pilot low-fidelity simulation improved resident knowledge and comfort with pediatric septic shock care. Further studies are needed to address the impact of low-fidelity simulations on patient outcomes.

Antimicrobial copper alloys decreased bacteria on stethoscope surfaces.

BACKGROUND: Stethoscopes may serve as vehicles for transmission of bacteria among patients. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial copper surfaces to reduce the bacterial concentration associated with stethoscope surfaces. METHODS: A structured prospective trial involving 21 health care providers was conducted at a pediatric emergency division (ED) (n = 14) and an adult medical intensive care unit located in tertiary care facilities (n = 7). Four surfaces common to a stethoscope and a facsimile instrument fabricated from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency-registered antimicrobial copper alloys (AMCus) were assessed for total aerobic colony counts (ACCs), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, gram-negative bacteria, and vancomycin-resistant enterococci for 90 days. RESULTS: The mean ACCs collectively recovered from all stethoscope surfaces fabricated from the AMCus were found to carry significantly lower concentrations of bacteria (pediatric ED, 11.7 vs 127.1 colony forming units [CFU]/cm2, P < .00001) than their control equivalents. This observation was independent of health care provider or infection control practices. Absence of recovery of bacteria from the AMCu surfaces (66.3%) was significantly higher (P < .00001) than the control surfaces (22.4%). The urethane rim common to the stethoscopes was the most heavily burdened surface; mean concentrations exceeded the health care-associated infection acquisition concentration (5 CFU/cm2) by at least 25×, supporting that the stethoscope warrants consideration in plans mitigating microbial cross-transmission during patient care. CONCLUSIONS: Stethoscope surfaces fabricated with AMCus were consistently found to harbor fewer bacteria.

Triage sepsis alert and sepsis protocol lower times to fluids and antibiotics in the ED.

BACKGROUND: Early identification of sepsis in the emergency department (ED), followed by adequate fluid hydration and appropriate antibiotics, improves patient outcomes. OBJECTIVES: We sought to measure the impact of a sepsis workup and treatment protocol (SWAT) that included an electronic health record (EHR)-based triage sepsis alert, direct communication, mobilization of resources, and standardized order sets. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, quasiexperimental study of adult ED patients admitted with suspected sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock. We defined a preimplementation (pre-SWAT) group and a postimplementation (post-SWAT) group and further broke these down into SWAT A (septic shock) and SWAT B (sepsis with normal systolic blood pressure). We performed extensive data comparisons in the pre-SWAT and post-SWAT groups, including demographics, systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria, time to intravenous fluids bolus, time to antibiotics, length-of-stay times, and mortality rates. RESULTS: There were 108 patients in the pre-SWAT group and 130 patients in the post-SWAT group. The mean time to bolus was 31 minutes less in the postimplementation group, 51 vs 82 minutes (95% confidence interval, 15-46; P value < .01). The mean time to antibiotics was 59 minutes less in the postimplementation group, 81 vs 139 minutes (95% confidence interval, 44-74; P value < .01). Segmented regression modeling did not identify secular trends in these outcomes. There was no significant difference in mortality rates. CONCLUSIONS: An EHR-based triage sepsis alert and SWAT protocol led to a significant reduction in the time to intravenous fluids and time to antibiotics in ED patients admitted with suspected sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock.

Lacerations and Embedded Needles Caused by Epinephrine Autoinjector Use in Children.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Epinephrine autoinjector use for anaphylaxis is increasing. There are reports of digit injections because of incorrect autoinjector use, but no previous reports of lacerations, to our knowledge. We report complications of epinephrine autoinjector use in children and discuss features of these devices, and their instructions for use, and how these may contribute to injuries. METHODS: We queried emergency medicine e-mail discussion lists and social media allergy groups to identify epinephrine autoinjector injuries involving children. RESULTS: Twenty-two cases of epinephrine autoinjector-related injuries are described. Twenty-one occurred during intentional use for the child's allergic reaction. Seventeen children experienced lacerations. In 4 cases, the needle stuck in the child's limb. In 1 case, the device lacerated a nurse's finger. The device associated with the injury was operated by health care providers (6 cases), the patient's parent (12 cases, including 2 nurses), educators (3 cases), and the patient (1 case). Of the 3 epinephrine autoinjectors currently available in North America, none include instructions to immobilize the child's leg. Only 1 has a needle that self-retracts; the others have needles that remain in the thigh during the 10 seconds that the user is instructed to hold the device against the leg. Instructions do not caution against reinjection if the needle is dislodged during these 10 seconds. CONCLUSION: Epinephrine autoinjectors are lifesaving devices in the management of anaphylaxis. However, some have caused lacerations and other injuries in children. Minimizing needle injection time, improving device design, and providing instructions to immobilize the leg before use may decrease the risk of these injuries.

"Beat the Shock Clock": An Interprofessional Team Improves Pediatric Septic Shock Care.

Ideal care for septic shock (SS) is difficult. This interprofessional quality improvement intervention in a mid-volume pediatric emergency department aimed to reduce time to vascular access, fluid resuscitation, and antibiotics for SS. Intensive education, a care pathway, and an order set were applied. Outcome measures for patients with criteria for SS before and after intervention were compared. There were 43 patients pre-intervention (January 2009 to June 2011) and 63 post-intervention (June 2012 to June 2013). Median time to vascular access decreased from 37 minutes pre-intervention to 24 minutes post-intervention (p = 0.05). Median time to first fluid bolus decreased from 35 to 26 minutes (p = 0.08). Percentage of boluses delivered rapidly by pressure method increased from 21% to 74% (p < 0.0001). Median time to antibiotics decreased from 92 to 55 minutes (p = 0.02). In conclusion, a multimodal, interprofessional quality improvement intervention in a mid-sized pediatric emergency department improved the time to critical interventions for SS.

Clinical effectiveness of bougienage for esophageal coins in a pediatric ED.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a tertiary care pediatric emergency department (PED) experience with bougienage for esophageal coins. METHODS: This was a large retrospective case series of children with esophageal coins presenting to a tertiary PED from January 2004 to October 2012. Bougienage eligibility criteria were medically stable, no prior gastro-esophageal surgery or disease, single coin, and witnessed ingestion within 24 hours. Abstracted data were age, signs and symptoms, coin type, management, efficacy, complications, returns, length of stay (LOS), and hospital charges. Main outcomes included procedural success and complications. Secondary outcomes included LOS and hospital charges. RESULTS: There were 245 patients with esophageal coins with 136/145 (94%) successful bougienage procedures and 109/109 (100%) successful surgical retrievals. There were 18 minor complications and 5 return visits for patients with bougienage. There were 10 minor and 2 major complications with surgical retrieval. Patients undergoing bougienage were 4 years (SD 2) vs 3 years (SD 3) for surgical retrieval (P < 0.001). Mean LOS for successful bougienage was 137 minutes (SD 54) vs 769 (SD 535) for surgical retrieval. The difference in the means was 632, 95% CI for the difference in means of -723 to -541 (P < .001). Mean charges for successful bougienage were $984 (SD $576) vs. $7022 (SD $3132) for surgical retrieval. The difference in means was $6038, 95% CI -$6,580 to -$5,496 (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Esophageal bougienage is safe and highly effective. It is also more time and cost efficient than other treatment options.

Does prearrival communication from a poison center to an emergency department decrease time to activated charcoal for pediatric poisoning?

OBJECTIVE: A poison center plays an important role in directing appropriate care, which is critical in reducing morbidity due to poisoning. Activated charcoal (AC) is one intervention for some poisonings. This study examined whether children with a poisoning who were preannounced by a poison center received AC earlier than patients without a referral. METHODS: A retrospective review of AC administration in children aged 0 to 18 years in a pediatric emergency department (ED) from 2000 to 2006 was performed. Abstracted covariates were poison center referral status, age, sex, acuity, disposition, transportation mode, triage time, and time of AC administration. Analysis of variance controlling for covariates tested the equality of mean time intervals between the groups with and without a poison center referral. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty-one cases met the inclusion criteria. One hundred thirty-five (39%) were male. Eighty cases (23%) had a poison center referral. Time from triage to charcoal administration for patients with a poison center referral was a mean of 59 (SD, 34) minutes. Time for the group without a referral was a mean of 71 (SD, 43) minutes (P = 0.0036). CONCLUSIONS: Advanced communication from a poison center was associated with earlier administration of AC in the ED for this population. Nevertheless, the duration to charcoal administration was frequently suboptimal. Triage and prehospital practices should be reexamined to improve timeliness of AC when indicated and consider exclusion of administration if beyond an appropriate time frame. Advanced notification should be the paradigm for all poison centers, and early response protocols for poison center referrals should be used by EDs.

Scorpion envenomation and antivenom therapy.

Scorpion envenomation is a dangerous and common global event that can result in a variety of toxic clinical effects. These are typically managed with supportive care or antivenom. Antivenom use is controversial because of conflicting evidence of effectiveness for adrenergic toxicity. However, both controlled and uncontrolled studies have shown that antivenom is effective in resolving neuromotor toxicity associated with envenomations by the scorpions of genus Centruroides.

Does emergency medical services transport for pediatric ingestion decrease time to activated charcoal?

OBJECTIVE: Activated charcoal (AC) is a potentially beneficial intervention for some toxic ingestions. When administered within one hour, it can reduce absorption of toxins by up to 75%. This study evaluated whether pediatric emergency department (ED) patients arriving by ambulance receive AC more quickly than patients arriving by alternative modes of transport. METHODS: This was a retrospective review of AC administration in children in a large, urban pediatric ED from January 2000 until January 2006. Patients aged 0-18 years were identified from pharmacy billing codes and the National Capital Poison Center's database. Charts were reviewed for age, gender, triage acuity, disposition, transportation mode, triage time, and time of AC administration; analysis of variance (ANOVA) controlling for these covariates tested the equality of mean time intervals. RESULTS: Pharmacy billing codes identified 394 cases, and poison center records identified 34 cases. Three hundred fifty-one patients met the inclusion criteria. One hundred thirty-eight (39%) were male; 216 (61%) were female. Two-hundred twenty-one (63%) patients were aged 5 years and under; in this subset, 116 were male and 105 were female. Twenty-one (6%) patients were aged 6-12 years; nine were male and 12 were female. One hundred nine (31%) patients were aged 13-18 years; 13 were male and 96 were female. One hundred eighteen (34%) arrived by emergency medical services (EMS). Time from triage to charcoal administration in patients transported via EMS was a mean of 65 minutes (standard deviation [SD] = 44 minutes). Time for the alternative transport group was a mean of 70 minutes (SD = 40 minutes) (p = 0.59). In the subset of patients triaged as most acute and arriving by EMS, time to charcoal administration was a mean of 42 minutes (SD = 22 minutes); time to AC in the alternative transport group was a mean of 67.8 minutes (SD = 42 minutes) (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: The sickest patients arriving by EMS had a faster time from triage to AC administration. However, when comparing patients of all triage categories, EMS arrival alone did not influence time to AC administration. Furthermore, the interval from triage to charcoal administration was often insufficiently long. This suboptimal timing of charcoal administration demonstrates the need for reevaluation of triage and prehospital practices.