ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Do-not-resuscitate (DNR) decisions are frequently made without informing the patients. We attempt to determine whether patients and physicians wish to discuss the DNR decision, who they think, should be the final decision maker and whether they agree on the indication for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in case of cardiac arrest. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a questionnaire survey among 112 haemodialysis patients and 17 physicians at department of nephrology, Herlev Hospital. The patients were interviewed orally, the physicians responded to written questionnaires. RESULTS: The majority of patients (86%) and physicians (88%) answered, that patients ought to be involved in the DNR decision. However they both wanted to be the final decision maker. Most patients (69%) desired CPR in case of cardiac arrest. Physicians would attempt to resuscitate 88% of the patients. In 30% of the cases, the patient and the physician disagreed on whether or not to attempt resuscitation. CONCLUSION: Both patients and physicians think they ought to make the final DNR decision. In practice, patients are often not involved. Since the patient and the physician disagree regarding the indication for CPR in one third of the cases, we must assume that many patients are resuscitated against their wishes. National guidelines are required. FUNDING: not relevant. TRIAL REGISTRATION: not relevant.
Subject(s)
Chronic Disease/psychology , Critical Illness , Patient Participation/psychology , Physicians/psychology , Resuscitation Orders/psychology , Advance Directive Adherence , Advance Directives/psychology , Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/psychology , Critical Illness/psychology , Critical Illness/therapy , Decision Making , Female , Heart Arrest/therapy , Hemodialysis Units, Hospital , Humans , Male , Patient Preference/psychology , Physician-Patient Relations , Renal Dialysis/psychology , Right to Die , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
The first reported case of peritonitis caused by Capnocytophaga cynodegmi is presented. The patient was treated with peritoneal dialysis and had contact with a cat. C. cynodegmi is part of the normal oral flora of dogs and cats but is very rarely isolated in clinical specimens from humans.
Subject(s)
Capnocytophaga/isolation & purification , Peritoneal Dialysis/adverse effects , Peritonitis/microbiology , Aged , Animals , Base Sequence , Capnocytophaga/drug effects , Capnocytophaga/genetics , Carbon Dioxide/metabolism , Cats , Humans , Male , Molecular Sequence DataABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Although dialysis nutritional problems are well described, nutritional problems after renal transplantation (RT) have received little attention. METHODS: Body composition as assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in 115 stable patients 6.6 +/- 5.9 years after RT and repeated 2.9 years later, when a 3-day dietary history was obtained in 79 patients. RESULTS: Patients diet was generally sufficient, but was characterized by a high fat intake and deficiencies in folic acid, vitamin D, thiamine, iodine, selenium, and iron intake. Patients were often overweight, and at any given weight had a 4% to 5% higher proportion of body fat than normal. Loss of fat weight was related to high initial fat weight, long RT duration, and low plasma bicarbonate, but not steroid dose. CONCLUSION: Dietary advice concerning fat intake is indicated for RT patients, and nutritional supplements with folic acid and vitamin D are generally required. Their main nutritional problem is obesity. This is not adequately measured by body mass index, which should be supplemented by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Attention should be paid to the prevention of acidosis.
Subject(s)
Diet/standards , Feeding Behavior/physiology , Kidney Diseases/surgery , Kidney Transplantation/physiology , Nutritional Status , Absorptiometry, Photon , Body Composition , Diet/adverse effects , Dietary Fats/administration & dosage , Female , Folic Acid Deficiency/diagnosis , Humans , Iodine/deficiency , Iron Deficiencies , Kidney Diseases/metabolism , Kidney Transplantation/adverse effects , Male , Middle Aged , Obesity/diagnosis , Selenium/deficiency , Thiamine Deficiency/diagnosis , Vitamin D Deficiency/diagnosisABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: While early bone loss after renal transplantation (RT) is well described, factors affecting the long-term fate of bone have received less attention. METHODS: Whole body (WB), lumbar spine (LS) and femoral neck (FN) bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptionometry in 126 stable RT patients and repeated in 114 survivors after 3 yr. Percentage change per year (%/yr) was correlated to clinical and biochemical markers of bone metabolism. RESULTS: Low bone mass was a marker of increased mortality (FN < 80% normal 6.3%/yr; >80% 2.2%/yr). Percent change was WB -0.7 +/- 1.5 (p < 0.01); LS -0.3 +/- 2.6; FN -1.0 +/- 3.0 (p < 0.01) and, corrected for expected loss for age and sex: WB -0.5 (p < 0.01); LS 0.0; FN -0.8 (p < 0.05). Factors associated with increased loss rates were (LS%): short RT duration [<2 yr: -3.1 (p < 0.01)], high prednisone dose [>9 mg/d: -1.9 (p < 0.01)], high cyclosporine trough concentration [>175 ng/L: -1.9 (p < 0.05)], high hyperparathyroidism (PTH) [>150 ng/L: -1.5 (p < 0.05)], high alkaline phosphatase [>275 U/L: -1.6 (p < 0.05)], high osteocalcin [>75 microg/L: -1.6 (p < 0.05)]. Marginal detrimental effects of uremia, hypoalbuminemia and hyperphosphatemia were noted. Thiazide treatment seemed to protect against, and furosemide to exacerbate, bone loss, but this may have been related to associated uremia. Patients treated with vitamin D gained bone, while untreated patients with low initial 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D lost bone [FN%-2.1 (p < 0.05)]. The prevalence of PTH (52%) and hypercalcemia (22%) remained unchanged. There was no effect of sex hormone levels, calcium and phosphate excretion, or serum calcium. CONCLUSION: While LS BMD stabilizes after RT, there is a continuing loss of WB and FN BMD. The major causes of bone loss are steroid therapy and continuing PTH, with no tendency towards spontaneous resolution. Increased vitamin D and calcium therapy should be considered for this patient group, and more aggressive therapy, e.g. parathyroidectomy given for patients with resistant PTH of >150 ng/L.
