ABSTRACT
Cyclopropabenzaindoles (CBIs) are exquisitely potent cytotoxins which bind and alkylate in the minor groove of DNA. They are not selective for cancer cells, so prodrugs are required. CBIs can be formed at physiological pH by Winstein cyclisation of 1-chloromethyl-3-substituted-5-hydroxy-2,3-dihydrobenzo[e]indoles (5-OH-seco-CBIs). Corresponding 5-NH2-seco-CBIs should also undergo Winstein cyclisation similarly. A key triply orthogonally protected intermediate on the route to 5-NH2-seco-CBIs has been synthesised, via selective monotrifluoroacetylation of naphthalene-1,3-diamine, Boc protection, electrophilic iodination, selective allylation at the trifluoroacetamide and 5-exo radical ring-closure with TEMPO. This intermediate has potential for introduction of peptide prodrug masking units (deactivating the Winstein cyclisation and cytotoxicity), addition of diverse indole-amide side-chains (enhancing non-covalent binding prior to alkylation) and use of different leaving groups (replacing the usual chlorine, allowing tuning of the rate of Winstein cyclisation). This key intermediate was elaborated into a simple model 5-NH2-seco-CBI with a dimethylaminoethoxyindole side-chain. Conversion to a bio-reactive entity and the bioactivity of this system were confirmed through DNA-melting studies (ΔTm=13°C) and cytotoxicity against LNCaP human prostate cancer cells (IC50=18nM).
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/chemical synthesis , Cyclopropanes/chemical synthesis , DNA, Neoplasm/antagonists & inhibitors , Indoles/chemical synthesis , Prodrugs , Acetamides , Alkylation , Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Survival/drug effects , Cyclic N-Oxides/chemistry , Cyclization , Cyclopropanes/pharmacology , DNA, Neoplasm/chemistry , Drug Design , Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor , Fluoroacetates , Humans , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , Indoles/pharmacology , Models, Molecular , Naphthalenes/chemistry , Nucleic Acid Denaturation , Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
1-Iodonaphthalene-2,4-diamines in trifluoroacetic acid/chloroform give stable Wheland-like tetrahedral cationic species observable by NMR, through an initial intramolecular protonation. Dynamic equilibria allow proton-deuterium exchange of aromatic protons and provide a mechanism for deiodination of 1-iodonaphthalene-2,4-diamines.
