External biliary fistula.

We report 210 cases of external biliary fistula treated in our clinics between 1970-1992. In 7 cases, fistulas were formed after iatrogenic bile duct injury, in 4 cases after exploration of common bile duct, in 4 cases due to disruption of biliary-intestinal anastomosis, and in 2 cases due to liver trauma. In 85 cases bile leak was observed after cholecystomy, in 103 cases after hydatid disease surgery, and in 4 cases after the passage of P.T.C. catheter. In one patient the appearance of the fistula was due to spontaneous discharge of a gallbladder empyema. 173 cases were managed conservatively, and 37 cases surgically.

Splanchnic ischemia during laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

BACKGROUND: Experimental studies have shown that elevation of intraabdominal pressure by means of gas insufflation produces hemodynamic disturbances in the peritoneal viscera, leading to splanchnic ischemia. The purpose of this clinical investigation is to reproduce the experimental data in humans undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Sixteen females participated in this study. Eight of them (the control group) were subjected to open laparotomy for biliary surgery, while on the remaining eight laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed. In all patients hepatic microcirculation was registered during the time of operation using the laser-Doppler technique. A single-fiber laser-Doppler microprobe was introduced transcutaneously within the hepatic parenchyma, through a Chiba needle, under direct or laparoscopic vision. Additionally, gastric intramucosal/intramural pH, a low level of which indicates tissue ischemia, was assessed by means of a tonometric nasogastric catheter. Hepatic microcirculation and gastric intramucosal/intramural pH were assessed between controls and pneumoperitoneum-subjected patients, and within the laparoscopic surgery group, i.e., during pneumoperitoneum and after abdominal deflation. RESULTS: Hepatic microcirculation was found to be significantly decreased in laparoscopic surgery patients in relation to controls (22.21 +/- 5.48 vs 57.52 +/- 18.06 perfusion units of flow, P = 0.0001) as was gastric intramural pH (7.15 +/- 0.16 vs 7.37 +/- 0.02, P = 0.003). Similarly, immediately after abdominal deflation, hepatic microcirculation exhibited a sudden elevation (22.21 +/- 5.48 vs 67.49 +/- 7.93 perfusion units of flow, P = 0.0001), while gastric intramural pH return to its normal values (7.15 +/- 0.16 vs 7.43 +/- 0.07, P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that during laparoscopic cholecystectomy abdominal organs are hypoperfused, leading to a splanchnic ischemia environment. The clinical significance of these events remains to be clarified.

[Stomach carcinoid associated with chronic atrophic corpus gastritis in pernicious anemia]. / Magencarcinoid assoziiert mit chronisch atrophischer Corpusgastritis bei perniziöser Anämie.

A 41-year-old woman with a chronic atrophic gastritis after endoscopic investigation diagnosed a carcinoid at the corpus of the stomach. There were more lesions in the mucosa of the stomach in the form of dysplasias. The labor investigation indicated an hypergastrinaemia. We performed a resection of the basis of the carcinoid. It has shown to be histologically tumor-free as the rest of the stomach. A gastrectomy was not necessary. After resection the patient was under therapy with vitamin B-12. The level of gastrin in blood was normal under this treatment. Two years later the patient remained symptom-free. Regular endoscopic investigations show a stagnation of the growth of the dysplastic lesions of the mucosa of the stomach.

Colloidal bismuth subcitrate-induced changes on gastric mucosal hemodynamics in the rat: gastric mucosal blood flow after CBS treatment.

The belief that blood flow plays a central role in cytoprotection and there being no data available, at present, regarding the possible action of Colloidal bismuth subcitrate (CBS-DENOL) on the gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF), led us to investigate its influence on mucosal hemodynamics in the rat stomach. Measurements of GMBF were performed in 32 male Wistar rats, treated by either CBS or placebo in drinking water for a 3-wk period, by the use of a laser-Doppler flowmeter, at 14 defined points of the stomach. CBS treated animals revealed a highly statistically significant increase (P less than 0.0005, upaired t-test) of GMBF in comparison with the placebo treated. These findings lead us to suggest that CBS exerts its antiulcer action via the mechanism of increased gastric mucosal blood flow. Additionally the increased blood flow may be associated with the previous findings of increased synthesis of prostaglandins, gastric mucus and bicarbonate secretion by CBS.

Early endoscopic fibrin sealing of high-output postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas.

In seven patients with high-volume enterocutaneous fistula following gastric surgery, a new method of treatment was used. Fibrin tissue adhesive was applied transintestinally under endoscopic guidance, in one or multiple sessions, to occlude the anastomotic dehiscence and the perianastomotic cavity. Fistula output diminished rapidly in all cases, and complete closure was endoscopically confirmed. There were no complications related to the method. Because of the simplicity and safety of this procedure compared with the complexity of surgical treatment and the persistently high mortality associated with conservative management, interventional endoscopic approach is suggested as an option for treatment of high-volume alimentary fistula.

Congestive gastropathy and antral varices: is there an association?

Gastric mucosal lesions are frequently observed during endoscopy in cirrhotics, but only recently has attention been paid to the gastric mucosal vessels themselves as the cause of such lesions. The presence - observed during endoscopy - of areas of erythema outlined by a yellow mosaic-like network, and the existence - ascertained by histology - of focal ectasia of mucosal vessels are termed "congestive gastropathy". In a prospective investigation of this entity, gastric mucosal biopsies have been obtained in 20 portal hypertensive patients with or without signs of congestive gastropathy at their initial sclerotherapy session. During the progress of the study two - Child's C - patients (having negative endoscopic and microscopic findings of congestive gastropathy) exhibited severe lesions of congestive gastropathy at the 2nd and 3rd session, respectively, and further biopsies were therefore obtained. Histologic examination after eosin-hematoxylin and Masson's trichrome staining revealed dilated mucosal vessels. At the 3rd and the 5th sclerotherapy session, respectively, - their esophageal varices having been obliterated - antral varices were prominent. We ascribe the endoscopic changes observed in the gastric mucosa to the alteration of gastric vascularity due to blood flow redistribution, but we pose the question as to whether there is any association between these progressive mucosal alterations and the formation of antral varices.

Endoscopic observations of the residual cavity after liver hydatid disease surgery.

Endoscopic inspection of the residual cavity after liver hydatid disease surgery has the potential of determining the cause of delayed cavity obliteration by providing information about the inner surface condition. We therefore performed endoscopy whenever there was an unsatisfactory rate of reduction of the residual cavity size. Over the last 6 years, 72 patients have been operated upon for liver hydatid disease. Of these, 42 had wide-bore catheter drainage of the echinococcal cavity and 30 had primary surgical closure. In 17 of 42 patients, endoscopy was performed 3-14 months postoperatively, because the cavity showed no evidence of reduction in size. A flexible choledochoscope was passed through the transcutaneous drainage fistula. Silk sutures were found four times and residual parasitic elements were found 3 times. These were all removed. In 13 patients, the cavity was inspected within 6 months postoperatively; their inner cavity surfaces were covered with white soft areolar tissue. The other 4 patients' cavities were examined within 6-14 months; hard fibrous connective tissue was found. Two patients required reoperation, and in both cases the cavity collapsed within 3-12 months postoperatively. We conclude, that endoscopy of the residual cavity is a useful procedure for both recognition and removal of the cause of delay in the cavity obliteration and can lead to collapse of the cavity.

Choledochoscopy in intrabiliary rupture of hydatid cyst of the liver.

From 1981-1985, 62 patients have been operated upon for hydatid disease of the liver. Nine patients presented with hepatic colic, chill and fever; seven cases also showed obstructive jaundice, as their cysts had ruptured into the biliary tree. A large communication between the pericyst cavity and the bile ducts was confirmed at operation. The common bile duct was explored in all nine patients and laminated membranes and daughter cysts were found in three cases. Following this, choledochoscopy was performed. Retained membranes and a stone were revealed in one of these three patients. In two other cases from the remaining six negative explorations, laminated membranes were also found. We therefore recommend choledochoscopy not only in biliary lithiasis, but in every case of intrabiliary rupture of a hydatid cyst of the liver.