Impaired coronary microvascular function and increased intima-media thickness in preeclampsia.

There is an association between preeclampsia (PE) and excessive morbidity and mortality. Some recent studies have revealed the presence of endothelial dysfunction in PE patients with inflammatory activity. Moreover, it has been argued that the chronic inflammatory state involved in PE leads to an acceleration in atherosclerosis. Accordingly, our goal in this study is to determine whether there is any coronary microvascular dysfunction and increase in the intima-media thickness in patients who had mild PE 5 years before, without the presence of any traditional cardiovascular risk factors. The study included 33 mild PE patients (mild preeclampsia is classified as a blood pressure (BP) of 140/90 mm Hg or higher with proteinuria of 0.3 to 3 g/d) whose mean age was 33.7 years old, and 29 healthy women volunteers whose mean age was 36.1 years old. Each subject was examined using transthoracic echocardiography 5 years after their deliveries. During the echocardiographic examination, coronary flow reserve (CFR) and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) were measured. There was a statistically lower CFR value in PE patients as compared with controls (2.39 ± 0.48 vs. 2.90 ± 0.49; P < .001). On the other hand, there was a significant increase in their IMT and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) values (respectively, 0.59 ± 0.15 vs. 0.46 ± 0.10; P < .001 and 3.80 ± 2.10 vs. 2.33 ± 1.79; P = .004). There was a negative correlation between the CFR values of the PE patients and hs-CRP (r = -0.568; P = .001) and IMT (r = -0.683, P < .001) results.We determined in the study that there was impaired CFR and increased carotid IMT in patients with PE, and, moreover, that these adverse effects were significantly correlated with hs-CRP.

Does mild preeclampsia cause arterial stiffness and ventricular remodeling through inflammation?

BACKGROUND: A link between preeclampsia (PE) and excessive maternal morbidity and mortality is a commonly recognized fact. Moreover it has been suggested that chronic inflammatory state connected with PE contributes to accelerated atherosclerosis. There is also an association between PE and maternal cardiac remodeling and biventricular diastolic dysfunction. The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of impaired myocardial performance and increased arterial stiffness in patients who experienced a mild case of PE five years previously. METHODS: The study included forty PE patients (40 women; mean age 33.75 +/- 7.95) and 27 healthy volunteers (27 women; mean age 36.44 +/- 10.45)Transthoracic echocardiography including Doppler echocardiography combined with tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), and aortic stiffness index (AoSI), aortic distensibility (AoD), and aortic elastic modulus (AoEM) values were measured in each study participant. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase in hsCRR aortic stiffness index, and aortic elastic modulus in PE patients as compared to controls (2.43 +/- 1.91 vs. 3.80 +/- 2.06, p=0.007; 3.09 +/- 2.41 vs. 7.32 +/- 6.89, p=0.001; 2.89 +/- 2.11 vs. 7.00 +/- 6.83, p=0.001), while a significant decrease was observed in the aortic strain and distensibility (respectively 22.35 +/- 15.99 vs. 12.24 +/- 9.22, p=0.005; 11.17 +/- 9.68 vs. 6.13 +/- 4.99, p=0.018). No differences between the two groups were observed with regard to the left ventricular myocardial performance index (MPI) (0.55 +/- 0.16 vs. 0.53 +/-0.19, p=0.630). CONCLUSIONS: To the best of our knowledge, this has been the first study to demonstrate impaired aortic elasticity and unaffected myocardial performance index in patients with mild PE. Moreover, these effects turned out to be significantly correlated with inflammation.

Phenotypic subgroups of polycystic ovary syndrome have different intra-renal resistance symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is known to be related with increased metabolic and cardiovascular risks. Various phenotypic subgroups of PCOS have been proven to have metabolic and endocrine disorders with varying degrees of severity However, intra-renal vascular resistance, which is an indirect indication of atherosclerosis, remains unknown in PCOS subgroups. In this study we examined whether PCOS subgroups have different intra-renal resistance symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 98 PCOS patients (diagnosed according to the Rotterdam criteria) 30 controls were included in the study The diagnosis of PCOS was established in the presence of at least two of the following criteria: 1-oligo and/or amenorrhea (OM); 2-clinic and/or biochemical signs of hyperandrogenism (HA); 3-polycystic ovarian morphology (PCO) detected by transvaginal ultrasonography 37 patients (Group 1) met all three criteria (HA+OM+PCO), 29 patients (Group 2) met two of the criteria including hyperandrogenism (HA+OM or HA+PCO) and the remaining 32 patients (Group 3) had no hyperandrogenism but fulfilled the other two criteria; PCO+OM. Renal Doppler ultrasonography and hormonal/biochemical analyses were carried out. The first outcome measure was designated as the differences in the renal resistive index (RRI) values of the groups, and the second outcome measure was designated as the relation of RRI with the insulin resistance and lipid profile. RESULTS: In Group 1, the RRI and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) values were significantly higher than in Group 3 and controls (P < 0.031, P < 0.001, respectively after adjusting for age and BMI). The RRI and HOMA-IR values in Group 3 were similar to those of the control group. It was determined that RRI has a positive correlation with HOMA-IR (r = 0.784, P < .0001) and BMI (r = 0.645, P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: In this study we demonstrated that PCOS subgroups have metabolic and endocrine disorders and cardiovascular risks of varying degrees of severity Moreover, we showed that there was no increase of metabolic and cardiovascular risks in PCOS patients without hyperandrogenism.

Effect of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation treatment on cardiac function.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) treatment on cardiac functions using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI). STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-one patients aged 22-35 years were enrolled to COH cycles. Each subject underwent a conventional transthoracic echocardiographic examination that included an assessment of cardiac function. Measurements were taken twice--the first on the second day of the cycle and the second on the day when human chorionic gonadotropin was administered. Twenty-one healthy women were chosen for the control group. RESULTS: The COH treatment did not cause favorable cardiac function changes. The parameters showing the left ventricular diastolic function such as early diastolic peak flow velocity (E), late diastolic peak flow velocity (A), mitral E/A ratios, mitral E wave, deceleration time (DT), lateral isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), and left ventricular myocardial performance index (LVMPI) were not changed. The COH treatment did not affect the right ventricular diastolic functions such as tricuspid valve E wave, DT, right ventricular (RV) IVRT, or right ventricular myocardial performance index (RVMPI). Concurrently, the COH treatment showed no effects on the right and left ventricular systolic functions. CONCLUSION: TDI findings reveal no effects of the COH treatment on cardiac function.

The effect of metformin treatment on ovarian stromal blood flow in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of metformin on the ovarian stromal blood perfusion in the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: Twenty-five women with PCOS who underwent a Doppler examination of the ovarian stroma was evaluated; hormonal, anthropometric, and biochemical parameters of patients were determined. After the patients were treated with 850 mg metformin twice a day for 6 months, the same parameters were evaluated in the same patients. RESULTS: After metformin treatment, although pulsatility index (PI) was increased from 1.80 +/- 1.23, 1.84 +/- 1.28 to 2.20 +/- 1.10, 2.19 +/- 0.83 in the right and left ovary, respectively, and resistance index was increased from 0.84 +/- 0.25, 0.83 +/- 0.23 to 1.16 +/- 0.37, 1.10 +/- 0.26 in the right and left ovary respectively (P < 0.05), peak systolic velocity (PSV) was decreased from 12.30 +/- 1.72, 12.34 +/- 1.55 to 10.25 +/- 0.97, 10.53 +/- 1.33 in the right and left ovary respectively (P < 0.05). PI and RI did not show any difference between the homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) >or= 2.38 and HOMA-IR < 2.38 groups before and after metformin treatment (P > 0.05). However, PSV was decreased significantly from 13.05 +/- 1.35, 12.82 +/- 2.02 to 11.03 +/- 0.71, 10.25 +/- 0.42 in HOMA-IR >or= 2.38 group in the right and left ovary, respectively, and PSV was decreased from 11.50 +/- 2.67, 11.28 +/- 0.26 to 9.10 +/- 0.58, 9.28 +/- 0.25 in HOMA-IR < 2.38 group in the right and left ovary, respectively, before and after metformin treatment (P < 0.05). PSV for both ovaries were positively correlated with HOMA scores before and after metformin treatment [(r = 0.713, P = 0.000; r = 0.617, P = 0.04 and r = 0.635, P= 0.03; r = 0.483, P = 0.031 respectively]. CONCLUSION: Metformin treatment affected ovarian stromal blood flow in PCOS patients.

Unilateral congenital ovarian and partial tubal absence: report of four cases with review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To present four rare cases of congenital unilateral tubal and ovarian abnormalities with their laparoscopic images. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Konya, Turkey. PATIENT(S): Three patients with infertility showing abnormality on hysterosalpingography and a fourth patient with acute pelvic pain who were admitted to our clinic. INTERVENTION(S): All four patients underwent laparoscopic surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Case 1 showed an absence of a distal tubal segment with ipsilateral ovarian agenesis. Case 2 showed a unilateral partial distal tubal absence with normal adjacent ovary. Case 3 showed a twisted and adherent tube with ipsilateral ovarian absence. Case 4 showed a unilateral ovarian agenesis and contralateral acute adnexal torsion. RESULT(S): We detected four cases of unilateral ovarian and partial tubal absence in these operations. CONCLUSION(S): We present four unusual cases of unilateral ovarian and partial tubal absence. The absence of one ovary and tube may be explained by two possible etiopathogenic causes: asymptomatic adnexial torsion or congenital malformation.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with elevated plasma soluble CD40 ligand, a marker of coronary artery disease.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the level of plasma soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Baskent University School of Medicine in Turkey. PATIENT(S): Thirty-one patients with PCOS and 31 non-PCOS (control) patients. INTERVENTION(S): Determination of plasma sCD40L and homocysteine levels. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Plasma sCD40L, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), LH, FSH, E(2), total T, DHEAS, total cholesterol, high- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, homocysteine, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). RESULT(S): The mean serum fasting insulin and HOMA-IR levels were significantly higher in the PCOS group. The mean serum homocysteine level was significantly higher in the PCOS group. Despite a trend for higher high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels in the PCOS group, the difference did not reach statistical significance. The mean plasma sCD40L level in the PCOS group was significantly higher than that in the control group (5.14 +/- 3.65 ng/mL vs. 3.45 +/- 2.64 ng/mL, respectively). CONCLUSION(S): Polycystic ovary syndrome is associated with elevated levels of sCD40L and homocysteine.

Are CD57+ natural killer cells really important in early pregnancy failure?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the CD57+ Natural Killer (NK) cell counts in normal pregnancies and in cases grouped according to different types of early pregnancy failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective case control study which was set in Baskent University Faculty of Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Department. A total of 119 women whose pregnancies ended in the first trimester were divided into elective pregnancy termination, incomplete miscarriage, intrauterine demise, ectopic pregnancy and recurrent pregnancy loss groups. CD57+ NK cells were stained and counted in the histologic preparations of the decidua in all of these groups. RESULTS: CD57+ NK cell counts were 2.14+/-1.42 in control, 2.24+/-1.92 in incomplete miscarriage, 1.82+/-1.34 in intrauterine demise, 2.54+/-1.80 in ectopic pregnancy and 3.42+/-2.15 in recurrent pregnancy failure group. There were no statistically significant differences between the control group and the other four groups with respect to the CD57+ NK cell counts. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that CD57+ NK cell count is not associated with early pregnancy failure.

Efficacy of vaginal misoprostol before hysteroscopy for cervical priming in patients who have undergone cesarean section and no vaginal deliveries.

We wanted to investigate the effect of misoprostol administered vaginally before operative hysteroscopy on cervical dilation, complications, and failure rates in patients who have undergone cesarean section and who have never delivered vaginally. Sixty patients who had undergone cesarean section, who had never delivered vaginally before, and were about to undergo hysteroscopy for various intrauterine lesions were included in this randomized controlled study. Thirty-two patients in the study group were given misoprostol 400 microg, and 28 patients in the control group were given placebo (hexetidine pill) vaginally twice, 6 and 12 hours before the procedure. Primary endpoints were cervical width detected with Hegar dilators and complication and failure rates. Mean cervical width was greater in patients in the study group (6.5 +/- 0.8) than it was in patients in the control group (3.0 +/- 0.6), (p = .0001). Complication and failure rates were lower in patients in the study group (p = .01). Administration of vaginal misoprostol before hysteroscopy proved to be effective in cervical ripening and in reducing complication and failure rates.

Diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus by use of the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index in the first trimester.

OBJECTIVE: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) affects 2-10% of all pregnant women, causing increased morbidity and mortality, and is tested for in the second trimester of pregnancy. The purpose of the present study was to predict GDM in the first trimester. DESIGN AND METHODS: The study included 271 patients who were between the 10th and 14th week of gestation. Fasting glucose and insulin were measured in the first trimester and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated for each patient. These values were compared with the results of the second-trimester glucose tolerance test. RESULTS: HOMA-IR values were higher in women with GDM. A cut-off value of 2.60 for HOMA-IR was calculated at the end of the study. CONCLUSION: Accepting patients whose HOMA-IR value is higher than 2.60 in the first trimester seems to be a good method to predict GDM.

Bladder perforation related to intrauterine device.

Intrauterine devices (IUDs) are currently one of the most popular reversible contraception methods used world wide. Uterine perforation is a rarely observed complication. The bladder is one of the organs that an IUD can migrate to because of its close proximity to the uterus. There are about 70 cases in the literature of IUDs that have migrated into the bladder. The resulting bladder perforation can be complete or partial. Here, we report 2 cases, 1 of complete migration and the other of partial migration.

Metformin therapy improves coronary microvascular function in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and insulin resistance.

BACKGROUND: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are thought to have increased cardiovascular risk. Metformin therapy reduces whole-body insulin resistance (IR) in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM). OBJECTIVE: As insulin resistance accompanying PCOS may be reversed by metformin therapy, we hypothesized that metformin therapy might improve coronary microvascular functions in women with PCOS and IR. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We treated 16 women with PCOS and IR with metformin, and measured coronary flow reserve (CFR) at the beginning and after 6 months of metformin therapy using transthoracic second-harmonic Doppler echocardiography. RESULTS: At the end of the 6 months of metformin therapy, baseline coronary diastolic peak flow velocity (DPFV) did not change significantly (from 24.6 +/- 4.3 to 23.0 +/- 3.1, P = 0.106); however, hyperaemic coronary DPFV (from 68.2 +/- 12.7 to 74.5 +/- 9.7, P = 0.08), and CFR (from 2.75 +/- 0.48 to 3.3 +/- 0.5, P = 0.016) was significantly improved by metformin therapy. CONCLUSION: In women with PCOS, coronary microvascular function and CFR are significantly improved by 6 months of therapy with metformin.

Do women with polycystic ovary syndrome really have predisposition to atherosclerosis?

The elastic properties of the aorta were studied in 28 women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and in 26 regularly menstruating healthy women. In PCOS and control groups, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, aortic systolic diameter, aortic diastolic diameter, aortic distensibility, aortic stiffness index, and aortic elastic modulus were similar. It is likely that PCOS does not have any innate adverse effects on the cardiovascular system if its undesirable metabolic consequences are successfully controlled.

Do young women with polycystic ovary syndrome show early evidence of preclinical coronary artery disease?

BACKGROUND: It is thought that women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. METHODS: In this study, we used transthoracic echocardiography to measure coronary flow reserve (CFR) in 28 women with PCOS and in 26 healthy women. RESULTS: The PCOS and the control groups were similar in terms of age (27.1 +/- 4.5 versus 28.8 +/- 4.4 years) and BMI (26.6 +/- 5.7 versus 24.7 +/- 4.4 kg/m2). Fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index were higher in the PCOS group. LH, the LH/FSH ratio, total testosterone, free testosterone and androstenedione were higher in the PCOS group. FSH, estradiol, prolactin, progesterone, cholesterol, triglyceride and high-sensitive C-reactive protein were similar between the two groups, but homocysteine levels were higher in the PCOS group. Baseline diastolic peak f low velocity (DPFV) (25.0 +/- 4.6 versus 23.3 +/- 2.7 cm/s, P > 0.05), hyperaemic DPFV (71.2 +/- 12.8 versus 73.0 +/- 12.9 cm/s, P > 0.05) and CFR (2.8 +/- 0.8 versus 3.2 +/- 0.8 cm/s, P > 0.05) of the left anterior descending coronary artery were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSION: We conclude that in young women with PCOS and without cardiovascular risk factors, CFR is preserved.