Summary of recommendations and key points of the consensus of Spanish scientific societies (SEPAR, SEMICYUC, SEMES; SECIP, SENEO, SEDAR, SENP) on the use of non-invasive ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannulas in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with severe acute respiratory failure.

Non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) comprises two treatment modalities, non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy. However, experts from different specialties disagree on the benefit of these techniques in different clinical settings. The objective of this consensus was to develop a series of good clinical practice recommendations for the application of non-invasive support in patients with ARF, endorsed by all scientific societies involved in the management of adult and pediatric/neonatal patients with ARF. To this end, the different societies involved were contacted, and they in turn appointed a group of 26 professionals with sufficient experience in the use of these techniques. Three face-to-face meetings were held to agree on recommendations (up to a total of 71) based on a literature review and the latest evidence associated with 3 categories: indications, monitoring and follow-up of NIRS. Finally, the experts from each scientific society involved voted telematically on each of the recommendations. To classify the degree of agreement, an analogue classification system was chosen that was easy and intuitive to use and that clearly stated whether the each NIRS intervention should be applied, could be applied, or should not be applied.

Summary of recommendations and key points of the consensus of Spanish scientific societies (SEPAR, SEMICYUC, SEMES; SECIP, SENEO, SEDAR, SENP) on the use of non-invasive ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannulas in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with severe acute respiratory failure. / Sumario de las recomendaciones y puntos clave del Consenso de las Sociedades Científicas Españolas (SEPAR, SEMICYUC, SEMES; SECIP, SENeo, SEDAR, SENP) para la utilización de la ventilación no invasiva y terapia de alto flujo con cánulas nasales en el paciente adulto, pediátrico y neonatal con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave.

Non-invasive respiratory support (NIRS) in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) comprises two treatment modalities, non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) and high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy. However, experts from different specialties disagree on the benefit of these techniques in different clinical settings. The objective of this consensus was to develop a series of good clinical practice recommendations for the application of non-invasive support in patients with ARF, endorsed by all scientific societies involved in the management of adult and pediatric/neonatal patients with ARF. To this end, the different societies involved were contacted, and they in turn appointed a group of 26 professionals with sufficient experience in the use of these techniques. Three face-to-face meetings were held to agree on recommendations (up to a total of 71) based on a literature review and the latest evidence associated with 3 categories: indications, monitoring and follow-up of NIRS. Finally, the experts from each scientific society involved voted telematically on each of the recommendations. To classify the degree of agreement, an analogue classification system was chosen that was easy and intuitive to use and that clearly stated whether the each NIRS intervention should be applied, could be applied, or should not be applied.

Anestesia en enfermedades poco frecuentes / Anaesthesia in rare diseases

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[Hafnia alvei in a rare case of severe pneumonia in a postanesthesia recovery unit]. / Hafnia alvei: una causa infrecuente de neumonía grave en la unidad de reanimación.

An 85-year-old man with a history of moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in treatment with anticholinergic drugs was admitted to the recovery unit for postoperative monitoring after right inguinal herniorrhaphy surgery and removal of a strangulated intestinal section. On the third day after surgery the patient developed radiographic signs consistent with pneumonia and required mechanical ventilation. Two blood cultures and a respiratory secretion sample grew a microorganism identified as Hafnia alvei. H. alvei is a gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the digestive tract of humans and animals and in immunodepressed patients it can colonize the mouth and pharynx. Isolation of H. alvei is described in the literature on pediatric patients and those with a history of immune deficiency or chronic disease. Infection has a severe impact on general health. We report a rare and interesting case of pneumonia and bacteremia from H. alvei infection acquired by an immunocompetent patient soon after arrival in the postoperative recovery unit. The patient died of the infection.

Hafnia alvei: una causa infrecuente grave en la Uidad de Reanimación / Hafnia alvei in a rare case of severe pneumonia in a postanesthesia recovery unit

Un varón de 85 años, con antecedentes de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica moderada en tratamiento con anticolinérgicos, ingresó en la Unidad de Reanimación para vigilancia postoperatoria de herniorrafia inguinal derecha con resección intestinal por asa isquémica. Al tercer día del postoperatorio, el paciente desarrolló un cuadro clínico y radiológico compatible con neumonía que precisó ventilación mecánica. En dos hemocultivos y en una muestra respiratoria se aisló un microorganismo identificado como Hafnia alvei. H. alvei es un bacilo gramnegativo que coloniza, tanto en animales como en humanos, el tubo digestivo y, en pacientes inmunodeprimidos, puede colonizar la orofaringe. En los casos descritos en la literatura el aislamiento de H. alvei se asocia a pacientes pediátricos y pacientes con antecedentes de enfermedad inmunodepresora o enfermedad crónica con importante afectación del estado general. Creemos de interés, por su rareza, el comunicar un caso de neumonía adquirida en la Unidad de Reanimación, precoz y bacteriémica, producida por H. alvei en un paciente no inmunodeprimido que finalmente falleció

An 85-year-old man with a history of moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in treatment with anticholinergic drugs was admitted to the recovery unit for postoperative monitoring after right inguinal herniorrhaphy surgery and removal of a strangulated intestinal section. On the third day after surgery the patient developed radiographic signs consistent with pneumonia and required mechanical ventilation. Two blood cultures and a respiratory secretion sample grew a microorganism identified as Hafnia alvei. H alvei is a gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the digestive tract of humans and animals and in immunodepressed patients it can colonize the mouth and pharynx. Isolation of H alvei is described in the literature on pediatric patients and those with a history of immune deficiency or chronic disease. Infection has a severe impact on general health. We report a rare and interesting case of pneumonia and bacteremia from H alvei infection acquired by an immunocompetent patient soon after arrival in the postoperative recovery unit. The patient died of the infection

Trastornos hidroelectrolíticos en el postoperatorio de cirugía ortognática / Hydroelectrolytic disorders following orthognathic surgery

Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los cuadros de poliuria precoz encontrados en un alto porcentaje de nuestros pacientes sometidos a procedimientos de cirugía ortognática. Material y método. Hemos realizado un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo, a partir de la revisión de las historias clínicas de los 172 pacientes sometidos a cirugía ortognática entre los años 1997 y 2002, con el fin de recoger datos analíticos y de diuresis referentes tanto a la cirugía como al período de estancia en Reanimación. Resultados. Un 55% de los pacientes que ingresaron en la unidad de reanimación postoperatoria presentaron poliurias precoces autolimitadas. Todas fueron tratadas con éxito con un correcto manejo hidroelectrolítico, salvo un caso que necesitó desmopresina intranasal. Dos pacientes presentaron alteraciones iónicas: un caso de hipopotasemia y otro de hiponatremia. Ambos respondieron adecuadamente a la reposición hidroelectrolítica. Discusión y conclusiones. Casi el 50% de los pacientes tratados de deformidades dentofaciales mediante cirugía ortognática desarrolla poliuria en el postoperatorio inmediato. Las tres hipótesis etiológicas que barajamos fueron: una intoxicación hídrica producida en el quirófano, una inhibición de la producción hipofisaria de hormona antidiurética tras las osteotomías faciales y un síndrome de gasto de sal relacionado con excreción inadecuada del péptido atrial natriurético. En nuestros casos lo más probable es que se trate de una intoxicación hídrica producida durante la cirugía, que haga replantearse el manejo de líquidos en el período perioperatorio

Introduction. The aim of this article is to analize the early polyuria cases that we found among our patients that have undergone a orthognatic procedure. Materials and methods. We reviewed data from 172 patients that have undergone an orthognatic surgycal procedures between 1997 and 2002. We collected data during the intraoperatory period, and the first 24 postoperatory hours. Results. 55% of the patients that staid for more than 24 hours in Reanimation showed early autolimited polyuria. All of them were successfully treated with a proper hidroelectrolitic treatment. One needed intranasal desmopresin. However hypopotasemy in one case and hyponatremy in another were resolved with hidroelectrolitic treatment. Disscusion and conclusions. Almost 50% of patients surgically treated of dentofacial deformities present polyuria in the early postoperatory period. There are three main etiologic hypotesis: hydric intoxication during surgery, inhibition of ADH liberation due to facial osteotomies, and salt wasting syndrome. The most probable in our serie is an hydric intoxication during surgery

Structure and function of CC-chemokine receptor 5 homologues derived from representative primate species and subspecies of the taxonomic suborders Prosimii and Anthropoidea.

A chemokine receptor from the seven-transmembrane-domain G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily is an essential coreceptor for the cellular entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strains. To investigate nonhuman primate CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) homologue structure and function, we amplified CCR5 DNA sequences from peripheral blood cells obtained from 24 representative species and subspecies of the primate suborders Prosimii (family Lemuridae) and Anthropoidea (families Cebidae, Callitrichidae, Cercopithecidae, Hylobatidae, and Pongidae) by PCR with primers flanking the coding region of the gene. Full-length CCR5 was inserted into pCDNA3.1, and multiple clones were sequenced to permit discrimination of both alleles. Compared to the human CCR5 sequence, the CCR5 sequences of the Lemuridae, Cebidae, and Cercopithecidae shared 87, 91 to 92, and 96 to 99% amino acid sequence homology, respectively. Amino acid substitutions tended to cluster in the amino and carboxy termini, the first transmembrane domain, and the second extracellular loop, with a pattern of species-specific changes that characterized CCR5 homologues from primates within a given family. At variance with humans, all primate species examined from the suborder Anthropoidea had amino acid substitutions at positions 13 (N to D) and 129 (V to I); the former change is critical for CD4-independent binding of SIV to CCR5. Within the Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, and Pongidae (including humans), CCR5 nucleotide similarities were 95.2 to 97.4, 98.0 to 99.5, and 98.3 to 99.3%, respectively. Despite this low genetic diversity, the phylogeny of the selected primate CCR5 homologue sequences agrees with present primate systematics, apart from some intermingling of species of the Cebidae and Cercopithecidae. Constructed HOS.CD4 cell lines expressing the entire CCR5 homologue protein from each of the Anthropoidea species and subspecies were tested for their ability to support HIV-1 and SIV entry and membrane fusion. Other than that of Cercopithecus pygerythrus, all CCR5 homologues tested were able to support both SIV and HIV-1 entry. Our results suggest that the shared structure and function of primate CCR5 homologue proteins would not impede the movement of primate immunodeficiency viruses between species.

Recent evolutionary history of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B--response.

The year of origin estimated by Lukashov and Goudsmit for HIV-1 subtype B is 1976 (95% CI, 1974-1977); this is significantly different from our prior estimate, 1967 (95% CI, 1960-1971). We review published evidence, which suggests that their estimate is too late.

Adjusting positive end-expiratory pressure and tidal volume in acute respiratory distress syndrome according to the pressure-volume curve.

BACKGROUND: Management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients implies the selection of the adequate ventilatory parameters, essentially PEEP and tidal volume (Vt), to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury. These parameters should be reset as the lung injury evolves. Among the different methods proposed for the adjustment of the ventilator, the measurement of the P-V curve has emerged as a useful, although debated, tool. Our aim has been to study the relationship between the different inflection points of the P-V curve in ARDS patients, and to assess the changes in the empiric PEEP and Vt (PEEP(emp), V(temp) following its use. METHODS: P-V curves were measured in 27 patients (lung injury score [LIS] >or= 2, 69 measurements) by means of the low-flow continuous inflation method. RESULTS: A lower inflection point (LIP) was found in all patients and, although it correlated with the PEEP(emp), there was only a fair concordance, so the PEEP was modified in 80% of the cases. The expiratory inflection point (EIP) was significantly lower than the LIP (6.3 +/- 1.7 vs. 8.1 +/- 3.2, P = 0.008). An upper inflection point was observed in 16 measurements (23%) and the Vt was reset in 20% of the cases. Both PEEP and Vt were readjusted on 10 occasions (14%). Only the EIP was significantly higher on the first 3 days of mechanical ventilation. The LIS was correlated with all the inflection points. There were no differences for any parameter independent of the cause of the ARDS (pulmonary/extrapulmonary). CONCLUSIONS: The quasi-static measurement of the P-V curve is a simple method, easy to interpret, for objective adjustment of the ventilatory parameters in ARDS patients as the lung injury evolves. The implementation of this strategy may vary the empiric clinical practice. The role of the EIP for the evaluation of the severity of lung injury deserves further investigation.