Uso de benzodiazepínicos entre idosos: o alívio de "jogar água no fogo", não pensar e dormir / Benzodiazepine use among elderly: the relief of "throwing water on the fire", not thinking and sleeping

OBJETIVO: Compreender a percepção e os significados que os idosos atribuem a suas experiências relacionadas ao uso prolongado de benzodiazepínicos. MÉTODOS: Trabalho de abordagem qualitativa, de cunho antropológico, realizado junto a idosos participantes do Projeto Bambuí, estudo de base populacional sobre as condições de saúde da população idosa, realizado na cidade de Bambuí-MG. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com 22 idosos, sem comprometimento cognitivo e residentes na cidade de Bambuí-MG, que relataram uso de medicação benzodiazepínica. RESULTADOS: No grupo pesquisado, o uso de benzodiazepínicos foi compatível com a definição de "padrão de uso crônico", variando de seis meses a 40 anos, sendo o medicamento mais utilizado o Clonazepam. A coleta e análise dos dados foram guiadas pelo modelo de signos, significados e ações. Emergiram como categorias: a utilização de um remédio "muito bom"; o remédio bom que "parece que vicia"; a (des)obediência à prescrição médica; e o alívio. CONCLUSÃO: Os idosos entrevistados justificam o uso crônico de benzodiazepínicos como um paliativo para lidar com dificuldades existenciais decorrentes de situações culturais, sociais e familiares, as quais precisam ser abordadas nos serviços de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To understand the perception and meanings that elderly give to their experiences as related to prolonged use of benzodiazepines. METHODS: Using an anthropological qualitative methodology of qualitative approach, the study was conducted among elderly participants in the Bambuí Project, a population-based study on the health status of the elderly, in the city of Bambuí, Minas Geraisstate, Brazil. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 elderly without cognitive impairment and residents in Bambuí-MG, who reported use of benzodiazepines. RESULTS: In the study group, the use of benzodiazepines was compatible with the definition of "pattern of chronic use", ranging from 6 months to 40 years, and the most used drug was Clonazepam. The collection and analysis were guided by the model of signs, meanings and actions. These categories emerged: use of a "very good" drug; the good medicine that "seems addictive"; (dis)obedience to the prescription; and relief. CONCLUSION: The elderly respondents justify the chronic use of benzodiazepines as a palliative to deal with existential difficulties arising from cultural, social and family situations, which need to be addressed in the health services.

Chronic use of benzodiazepines among older adults / Uso crônico de benzodiazepínicos entre idosos

OBJECTIVE To analyze the perception of and motivation for the chronic use of benzodiazepine among older adults. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted on 22 older adults living in Bambuí, MG, Southeastern Brazil, who were taking benzodiazepines and had the clinical and cognitive ability to respond to interview questions. The collected data were analyzed on the basis of the “signs, meanings, and actions” model. RESULTS The main reasons pointed out for the use of benzodiazepines were “nervousness”, “sleep problems”, and “worry” due to family and financial problems, everyday problems, and existential difficulties. None of the interviewees said that they used benzodiazepines in a dose higher than that recommended or had been warned by health professionals about any risks of their continuous use. Different strategies were used to obtain the prescription for the medication, and any physician would prescribe it, indicating that a bond was established with the drug and not with the health professional or healthcare service. Obtaining and consuming the medication turned into a crucial issue because benzodiazepine assumes the status of an essential food, which leads users to not think but sleep. It causes a feeling of relief from their problems such as awareness of human finitude and fragility, existential difficulties, and family problems. CONCLUSIONS Benzodiazepine assumes the characteristics of polyvalence among older adults, which extrapolate specific clinical indications, and of essentiality to deal with life’s problems in old age. Although it relieves the “nerves”, the chronic use of benzodiazepines buffers suffering and prevents older adults from going through the suffering. This shows important difficulties in the organization and planning of strategies that are necessary for minimizing the chronic use in this population. .

OBJETIVO Analisar a percepção e motivação do uso crônico de benzodiazepínicos entre idosos. MÉTODOS Estudo qualitativo desenvolvido com 22 idosos residentes em Bambuí, MG, sob uso de medicação benzodiazepínica e em condições clínicas e cognitivas para responder à entrevista. Os dados coletados foram analisados com base no modelo de “signos, significados e ações”. RESULTADOS As principais razões apontadas para o uso dos benzodiazepínicos foram “nervosismo”, “problemas de sono” e “preocupação”, decorrentes de problemas familiares, financeiros, dificuldades cotidianas e existenciais. Nenhum dos entrevistados referiu utilizar benzodiazepínicos acima das doses recomendadas nem foi alertado pelos profissionais acerca de quaisquer riscos sobre o seu uso continuado. Houve diversidade de estratégias na obtenção da prescrição do medicamento e qualquer médico fornecia a receita, o que indica que o vínculo é estabelecido com o medicamento e não com o profissional ou serviço de saúde. A obtenção e o consumo do medicamento tornam-se uma questão crucial, pois o benzodiazepínico assume a importância de um alimento essencial, que lhes permite não pensar e dormir. Oferece um alívio dos seus problemas, que incluem a consciência da finitude e da fragilidade humanas, dificuldades existenciais e familiares. CONCLUSÕES O benzodiazepínico assume características de polivalência entre os idosos, que extrapolam as indicações clínicas mais precisas, e de essencialidade para lidar com problemas da vida na velhice. Embora alivie o “nervoso”, o uso crônico de benzodiazepínicos tampona o sofrimento e impede a pessoa idosa de enfrentar o que ele representa. ...

Construct validity of the mini mental state examination across time in a sample with low-education levels: 10-year follow-up of the Bambuí Cohort Study of Ageing.

OBJECTIVE: The study aims to investigate whether longitudinal data on the structure of the mini mental state examination (MMSE) collected in an older Brazilian cohort support factorial invariance over time. DESIGN: Analysis of 10-year data from a community-based cohort study was performed. SETTING: The study took place in Bambuí, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: The study sample comprised 1558 (89.4%) of all eligible 1742 elderly residents. MEASUREMENTS: A standard Brazilian version of the MMSE was used. RESULTS: A five-factor solution (developed on the baseline of the cohort) either with no constraints or with loadings constrained to equality across time provided a reasonable fit for the MMSE. A comparison between both models suggested that the model with no constraints was superior. However, the five absolute goodness-of-fit indices suggest that the fully constrained model was also adequate and did not differ substantively from the model without any restriction. CONCLUSION: The structure of the MMSE remained relatively unchanged across the 10 measurement times, thus providing evidence for the good construct validity of the scale across time.

Chronic use of benzodiazepines among older adults.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the perception of and motivation for the chronic use of benzodiazepine among older adults. METHODS A qualitative study was conducted on 22 older adults living in Bambuí, MG, Southeastern Brazil, who were taking benzodiazepines and had the clinical and cognitive ability to respond to interview questions. The collected data were analyzed on the basis of the "signs, meanings, and actions" model. RESULTS The main reasons pointed out for the use of benzodiazepines were "nervousness", "sleep problems", and "worry" due to family and financial problems, everyday problems, and existential difficulties. None of the interviewees said that they used benzodiazepines in a dose higher than that recommended or had been warned by health professionals about any risks of their continuous use. Different strategies were used to obtain the prescription for the medication, and any physician would prescribe it, indicating that a bond was established with the drug and not with the health professional or healthcare service. Obtaining and consuming the medication turned into a crucial issue because benzodiazepine assumes the status of an essential food, which leads users to not think but sleep. It causes a feeling of relief from their problems such as awareness of human finitude and fragility, existential difficulties, and family problems. CONCLUSIONS Benzodiazepine assumes the characteristics of polyvalence among older adults, which extrapolate specific clinical indications, and of essentiality to deal with life's problems in old age. Although it relieves the "nerves", the chronic use of benzodiazepines buffers suffering and prevents older adults from going through the suffering. This shows important difficulties in the organization and planning of strategies that are necessary for minimizing the chronic use in this population.

The association between nutritional status and cognitive impairment in brazilian community-dwelling older adults assessed using a range of anthropometric measures - the Bambui study / Associação entre o estado nutricional avaliado por várias medidas antropométricas e o comprometimento cognitivo em idosos brasileiros vivendo em comunidade - projeto Bambuí

In most studies, body mass index (BMI) has been used as the main measurement of nutritional status. However, BMI does not differentiate between body fat and muscle mass. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between nutritional status and cognitive impairment in a population of Brazilian elderly. METHODS: Participants (n=1,496) from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging were selected based on the results for the two variables nutritional status and cognitive impairment (MMSE score). Gender, age, education, lifestyle, ApoE, chronic diseases, depressive symptoms, current use of hypnotic or sedative medication and functional disability were used as confounding factors for adjusting the logistic regression. RESULTS: Cognitive impairment was associated with lower BMI (OR: 0.91; CI: 0.86-0.95), waist circumference (OR: 0.97; CI: 0.95-0.99), triceps skinfold thickness (OR: 0.92; CI: 0.89-0.96) among the younger participants (60-69 years), while lower arm muscle circumference (OR: 0.88; CI: 0.80-0.98) and corrected arm muscle area (OR: 0.96; CI: 0.93-0.99) were associated with cognitive impairment among the older participants (70 years and over). CONCLUSION: There was a difference of association between anthropometric measures and cognitive impairment after stratifying by age group. In the group aged between 60 and 69, cognitive impairment was associated with measures related to fat mass, while in the group aged over 70, cognitive impairment was associated with measures related to muscle mass. This finding suggests that investigation of nutritional status in the elderly using anthropometric measures should not be restricted only to the use of BMI, and should also, differ according to age.

Na maioria dos estudos o índice de massa corporal (IMC) é usado como a principal medida de avaliação do estudo nutricional. Entretanto, o IMC não apresenta capacidade de diferenciar a gordura corporal da massa muscular. OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação do estado nutricional e o comprometimento cognitivo na população idosa de Bambuí. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 1496 idosos que responderam simultaneamente as variáveis do estado nutricional e o comprometimento cognitivo (avaliado através do escore do MMSE). As seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, educação, estilo de vida, ApoE, doenças crônicas, sintomas depressivos, uso de medicamentos hipnóticos e sedativos e incapacidade funcional foram utilizadas como fatores de confusão na regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: O comprometimento cognitivo foi associado com os baixos valores de: IMC (OR: 0.91; CI: 0.86-0.95), circunferência da cintura (OR: 0.97; CI: 0.95-0.99), dobra cutânea triciptal (OR: 0.92; CI: 0.89-0.96) entre os idosos mais jovens (60-69 anos). Enquanto que baixos valores da circunferência (OR: 0.88; CI: 0.80-0.98) e da area muscular do braço corrigida (OR: 0.96; CI: 0.93-0.99) foram associados com o comprometimento cognitivo entre os idosos mais velhos (70 anos ou mais).CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma diferença entre a associação das medidas antropométricas e o comprometimento cognitivo após a estratificação por idade. Nos participantes entre 60 a 69 anos, o comprometimento cognitivo foi associado a medidas relacionadas com o tecido adiposo enquanto que no grupo com 70 anos ou mais, o comprometimento cognitivo foi associado a medidas relacionadas com a massa muscular. Esses achados sugerem que a investigação do estado nutricional dos idosos não se deve restringir somente ao IMC, sendo necessário variações devido a idade.

Associated factors to self-rated health among hypertensive and/or diabetic elderly: results from Bambui project / Fatores associados a autoavaliacao negativa da saude entre idosos hipertensos e/ou diabeticos: resultados do projeto Bambui

Objective: This study investigated the associated factors with negative self-rated health among hypertensive and/or diabetic elderly. Methods: All the participants of Bambuí Project elderly cohort who suffered from hypertension and/or diabetes and who answered the questionnaire without the help of a close informant were selected for this (n = 942). Covariates encompassed sociodemographic characteristics, social support, health behaviors, health status and use of health services. Results: Negative self-rated health showed positively associated with dissatisfaction with social relations (PR = 1.98, 95%CI 1.42 - 2.76), attendance at religious services less than once a month (PR = 1.96, 95%CI 1.44 - 2.68; be smokers (PR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.24 - 2.17), presence of arthritis (PR = 1.35, 95%CI 1.07 - 1.71), depressive symptoms (PR = 1.81, 95%CI 1.37 - 2.39) and insomnia (PR = 1.37, 95%CI 1.06 - 1.78), having consulted the doctor two or more times in the last twelve months (PR = 2.18; 95%CI 1.14 - 4.19 and PR = 3.96; 95%CI 2.10 - 7.48, respectively for "2 - 3" and "4+" visits), and have hypertension and diabetes (compared to the isolated presence of hypertension) Conclusions: Our results confirmed the multidimensional nature of self-rated health and were consistent with that observed in other national and international studies. .

Objetivo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os fatores associados à autoavaliação negativa da saúde entre idosos hipertensos e/ou diabéticos. Metodologia: Foram selecionados para o presente estudo todos os idosos integrantes da linha base da coorte do Projeto Bambuí, que sofriam de hipertensão e/ou diabetes e que responderam o questionário sem ajuda de informante próximo (n = 942). As covariáveis englobaram características sociodemográficas, recursos sociais, comportamentos relacionados à saúde, condições de saúde e de utilização de serviços de saúde. Resultados: A pior autoavaliação da saúde apresentou-se positivamente associada à insatisfação com as relações sociais (RP = 1,98; IC95% 1,42 - 2,76), frequência a cultos religiosos menor que uma vez ao mês (RP = 1,96; IC95% 1,44 - 2,68; ser tabagista (RP = 1,64; IC95% 1,24 - 2,17), presença de artrite (RP = 1,35; IC95% 1,07 - 1,71), sintomas depressivos (RP = 1,81; IC95% 1,37 - 2,39) e insônia (RP = 1,37; IC95% 1,06 - 1,78), ter consultado o médico duas ou mais vezes nos últimos doze meses (RP = 2,18; IC95% 1,14 - 4,19 e RP = 3,96; IC95% 2,10 - 7,48, respectivamente para "2-3" e "4+" consultas) e ser hipertenso e diabético (comparado à presença isolada de hipertensão, RP = 1,43; IC95% 1,07 - 1,92). Conclusões: Nossos resultados confirmaram o caráter multidimensional da autoavaliação da saúde e apresentaram-se consistentes com o observado em outros estudos nacionais e internacionais. .

The association between nutritional status and cognitive impairment in brazilian community-dwelling older adults assessed using a range of anthropometric measures - the Bambui study.

In most studies, body mass index (BMI) has been used as the main measurement of nutritional status. However, BMI does not differentiate between body fat and muscle mass. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between nutritional status and cognitive impairment in a population of Brazilian elderly. METHODS: Participants (n=1,496) from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging were selected based on the results for the two variables nutritional status and cognitive impairment (MMSE score). Gender, age, education, lifestyle, ApoE, chronic diseases, depressive symptoms, current use of hypnotic or sedative medication and functional disability were used as confounding factors for adjusting the logistic regression. RESULTS: Cognitive impairment was associated with lower BMI (OR: 0.91; CI: 0.86-0.95), waist circumference (OR: 0.97; CI: 0.95-0.99), triceps skinfold thickness (OR: 0.92; CI: 0.89-0.96) among the younger participants (60-69 years), while lower arm muscle circumference (OR: 0.88; CI: 0.80-0.98) and corrected arm muscle area (OR: 0.96; CI: 0.93-0.99) were associated with cognitive impairment among the older participants (70 years and over). CONCLUSION: There was a difference of association between anthropometric measures and cognitive impairment after stratifying by age group. In the group aged between 60 and 69, cognitive impairment was associated with measures related to fat mass, while in the group aged over 70, cognitive impairment was associated with measures related to muscle mass. This finding suggests that investigation of nutritional status in the elderly using anthropometric measures should not be restricted only to the use of BMI, and should also, differ according to age.

Na maioria dos estudos o índice de massa corporal (IMC) é usado como a principal medida de avaliação do estudo nutricional. Entretanto, o IMC não apresenta capacidade de diferenciar a gordura corporal da massa muscular. OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação do estado nutricional e o comprometimento cognitivo na população idosa de Bambuí. MÉTODOS: Participaram do estudo 1496 idosos que responderam simultaneamente as variáveis do estado nutricional e o comprometimento cognitivo (avaliado através do escore do MMSE). As seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, educação, estilo de vida, ApoE, doenças crônicas, sintomas depressivos, uso de medicamentos hipnóticos e sedativos e incapacidade funcional foram utilizadas como fatores de confusão na regressão logística multivariada. RESULTADOS: O comprometimento cognitivo foi associado com os baixos valores de: IMC (OR: 0.91; CI: 0.86-0.95), circunferência da cintura (OR: 0.97; CI: 0.95-0.99), dobra cutânea triciptal (OR: 0.92; CI: 0.89-0.96) entre os idosos mais jovens (60-69 anos). Enquanto que baixos valores da circunferência (OR: 0.88; CI: 0.80-0.98) e da area muscular do braço corrigida (OR: 0.96; CI: 0.93-0.99) foram associados com o comprometimento cognitivo entre os idosos mais velhos (70 anos ou mais). CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma diferença entre a associação das medidas antropométricas e o comprometimento cognitivo após a estratificação por idade. Nos participantes entre 60 a 69 anos, o comprometimento cognitivo foi associado a medidas relacionadas com o tecido adiposo enquanto que no grupo com 70 anos ou mais, o comprometimento cognitivo foi associado a medidas relacionadas com a massa muscular. Esses achados sugerem que a investigação do estado nutricional dos idosos não se deve restringir somente ao IMC, sendo necessário variações devido a idade.

Associated factors to self-rated health among hypertensive and/or diabetic elderly: results from Bambuí project.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the associated factors with negative self-rated health among hypertensive and/or diabetic elderly. METHODS: All the participants of Bambuí Project elderly cohort who suffered from hypertension and/or diabetes and who answered the questionnaire without the help of a close informant were selected for this (n = 942). Covariates encompassed sociodemographic characteristics, social support, health behaviors, health status and use of health services. RESULTS: Negative self-rated health showed positively associated with dissatisfaction with social relations (PR = 1.98, 95%CI 1.42 - 2.76), attendance at religious services less than once a month (PR = 1.96, 95%CI 1.44 - 2.68; be smokers (PR = 1.64, 95%CI 1.24 - 2.17), presence of arthritis (PR = 1.35, 95%CI 1.07 - 1.71), depressive symptoms (PR = 1.81, 95%CI 1.37 - 2.39) and insomnia (PR = 1.37, 95%CI 1.06 - 1.78), having consulted the doctor two or more times in the last twelve months (PR = 2.18; 95%CI 1.14 - 4.19 and PR = 3.96; 95%CI 2.10 - 7.48, respectively for "2 - 3" and "4+" visits), and have hypertension and diabetes (compared to the isolated presence of hypertension) CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed the multidimensional nature of self-rated health and were consistent with that observed in other national and international studies.

Homozygosity for the APOE E4 allele is solely associated with lower cognitive performance in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults: the Bambuí Study / Homozigose para o alelo E4 do gene APOE está associada à função cognitiva de idosos vivendo em comunidade: projeto Bambuí

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if APOE E4 allelic status is associated with the cognitive functioning of elderly individuals. METHODS: Participants (n = 1,408) from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging were selected based on the results from both variables (APOE genotype and MMSE score). Gender, age, education, marital status, skin color, GHQ score and biological measures were used as confounding factors for adjusting the logistic regression. RESULTS: The population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the APOE E4 allele frequency was 13.4%. APOE E4 allele homozygosity conferred a superior odds ratio (OR) for cognitive impairment (OR = 3.1) compared to E4 allele heterozygosity (OR = 0.99) even when adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, skin color, triglycerides, HDL, systolic pressure, and GHQ (OR = 2.9). No differences were observed between the other covariates. CONCLUSIONS: The APOE E4 allele was observed to have a dramatic effect on cognitive impairment, especially in homozygotes, which comprised approximately 2% of the population.

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar que a presença do alelo APOE E4 está associada ao declínio cognitivo em idosos vivendo em comunidade. MÉTODO:Participaram do estudo 1408 residentes na cidade de Bambuí (MG) com 60 ou mais anos de idade. A variável dependente do estudo foi a função cognitiva, mensurada pelo Mini Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). A variável de interesse do estudo foi o genótipo da apolipoproteína E (APOE). Para efeito de ajustamento na regressão logística foram consideradas como covariáveis o sexo, escolaridade, cor da pele, estado civil, sintomas depressivos, dosagem de triglicerídeos, HDL e pressão sistólica. RESULTADOS: A frequência alélica do gene APOE (E4, E3, E2) mostrou distribuição em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Foi detectada uma forte associação entre a presença do alelo E4 e o comprometimento cognitivo quando em homozigose (OR: 3,1; IC 95%: 1,39-6,99) mesmo após ajustamento por todas as potenciais variáveis de confusão (OR: 2,9; IC95%: 1,15-7,71). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostraram que existe uma forte associação entre a presença do alelo E4 da APOE e a função cognitiva em idosos. Esta associação existiu somente entre indivíduos homozigotos (E4E4), indicando dependência da dose gênica no comprometimento cognitivo.

Homozygosity for the APOE E4 allele is solely associated with lower cognitive performance in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults: the Bambuí Study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate if APOE E4 allelic status is associated with the cognitive functioning of elderly individuals. METHODS: Participants (n = 1,408) from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging were selected based on the results from both variables (APOE genotype and MMSE score). Gender, age, education, marital status, skin color, GHQ score and biological measures were used as confounding factors for adjusting the logistic regression. RESULTS: The population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and the APOE E4 allele frequency was 13.4%. APOE E4 allele homozygosity conferred a superior odds ratio (OR) for cognitive impairment (OR = 3.1) compared to E4 allele heterozygosity (OR = 0.99) even when adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, skin color, triglycerides, HDL, systolic pressure, and GHQ (OR = 2.9). No differences were observed between the other covariates. CONCLUSIONS: The APOE E4 allele was observed to have a dramatic effect on cognitive impairment, especially in homozygotes, which comprised approximately 2% of the population.

The Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging: methodology and health profile of participants at baseline.

The cohort study was initiated in 1997 to investigate the incidence and predictors of health outcomes in an elderly population with low socio-economic level. The eligible population consisted of all 1,742 residents in Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, aged 60 years and over (1,606 participated). During 10 years of follow-up, 641 participants died and 96 were lost, leading to 13,739 person-years of observation. The baseline health profile of participants revealed a double burden of diseases with high prevalence of chronic non-transmissible diseases and widespread Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The most common health condition was hypertension (61.5%), followed by chronic knee or hand symptoms (43.6%), common mental disorders (38.5%), T. cruzi infection (38.1%), and insomnia (36.7%). In general, the baseline prevalence of mental symptoms and cardiovascular diseases or risk factors was comparable to those found in populations in high income countries.

Trajectories of cognitive decline over 10 years in a Brazilian elderly population: the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging.

Few population-based studies have examined long term cognitive trajectory, and these studies were conducted in high income countries. We investigated the association of age, gender and education with 10-year cognitive trajectory in a well-defined population of elderly using data from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging, in Brazil. Cognition was measured using the Mini- Mental State Examination (MMSE). Cohort members underwent annual follow-ups. This analysis was based on 12,206 MMSE measurements from 1,461 (91%) baseline participants. We used mixed effects models to study MMSE as outcome. The key findings from this analysis are that women and people with a higher schooling level at baseline had high scores of MMSE, while older participants started off lower. Regarding cognitive decline, women, older people and those with a higher schooling level declined faster.

Predictors of 10-year mortality in a population of community-dwelling Brazilian elderly: the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging.

We used data on 1,399 participants aged 60 and over from the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging to examine predictors of mortality in a socioeconomically disadvantaged population. From 1997 to 2007, 599 participants died and 6.2% were lost to follow-up, leading to 12,415 person-years (pyrs) of observation. The death rate was 48.3 per 1,000 pyrs. Age (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.40), male gender (HR = 1.80), never married (HR = 1.78) or a widow (HR = 1.26), poor self-rated health (HR = 1.31), inability to perform four or more activities of daily living (HR = 3.29), number of cardiovascular risk factors (HR = 1.51 for two and HR = 1.91 for three or more), Trypanosoma cruzi infection (HR = 1.27), and number of medications (HR = 1.06) were each significantly (p < 0.05) and independently associated with mortality. The Mini-Mental State Examination score showed a protective effect (HR = 0.96). Except T. cruzi infection, other predictors of mortality were highly consistent with those found in more affluent elderly populations.

An anthropologic study on strategies for addressing health problems among the elderly in Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil.

This paper explores the contribution of anthropological perspectives for clarifying the mechanisms through which socioeconomic circumstances influence the strategies developed by elderly for addressing their health problems in a small Brazilian city. Interviews with 20 key-informants explored the community's broad perception of the health situation of the elderly. Life histories collected from 30 elderly women examined their own perception of their health status and their health strategies. Narratives converge in emphasising the important role played by financial factors in accessing health services and medication. Life histories also describe some damaging strategies resorted to by the elderly to deal with their lack of resources. Elderly women emphasize the crucial support they receive from their family and/or neighbours to overcome health problems. Thus, the issue of poverty is not only a matter of socioeconomic circumstances, but also the poverty of broader social networks.

Balking blood pressure "control" by older persons of Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: an ethno-epidemiological inquiry.

This ethno-epidemiological inquiry aims to comprehend hypertension-related experiences in the elderly population of Bambuí, in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. It combines ethnographic descriptions with statistical data. The subjective significance of factors associated with adequate arterial pressure control is explored. A baseline cohort of 26 people with hypertension, randomly selected from a total number of 1,494 residents over the age of 60, was interviewed utilizing signs, meanings and actions methodology. Multivariate analysis shows an association (p < 0.001) between female gender and monthly household income and treatment of hypertension and adequate blood pressure control. The number of doctor visits is associated with treatment but not with adequate blood pressure control. Conflicting cultural construction of "blood pressure problems" contributes to "non-adherence" to treatment. There is a fine line between blood pressure "control" and what is perceived as health professionals "controlling" patients' lives. Doctor-prescribed regimes are perceived as "prohibiting life's pleasures" and "controlling" personal liberty and free choice. Giving elderly people a voice regarding their social context can promote autonomy, well-being and happiness in later life.

Birth cohort differences in hypertension control in a Brazilian population of older elderly: the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging (1997 and 2008).

We examined for cohort differences in hypertension control between participants in the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging of aging born 1916-1926 and 1927-1937. Participants included hypertensive elderly aged 71-81 at baseline (n = 313) and at 11th wave follow up (n = 484). Prevalence of hypertension awareness (70.9% and 81.2%, respectively), median medical appointments in previous 12 months (2 and 3, respectively) and antihypertensive drug use (74.4% and 90.7% respectively) increased significantly from older to younger cohort. However, prevalence of appropriately controlled hypertension among those treated (< 140/< 90 mmHg) was similar in both cohorts (44.6% and 40.1%, p = 0.255). Multivariate analysis returned schooling as the only factor independently associated with appropriately controlled hypertension. Despite increased medical appointments and drug use in the recent cohort, the prevalence of appropriately controlled hypertension remained as low as in the older cohort.

Birth cohort differences in the use of medications in a Brazilian population of older elderly: the Bambuí Cohort Study of Aging (1997 and 2008).

This study examined differences in the use of medications in two birth cohorts (born from 1916 to 1926 and from 1927 to 1937) among older elderly in the population-based cohort study in Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The study used data on participants who were 71-81 years of age in the baseline survey in 1997 (n = 492) and in the 11th wave, in 2008 (n = 620). The number of medications currently consumed (mean = 4.6 and 3.4, respectively) and prevalence of polypharmacy (46.6% and 29.1%, respectively) were higher in the more recent cohort as compared to the earlier one. These differences were independent of gender, age, schooling, number of medical visits in the previous 12 months, and number of chronic conditions. The more recent cohort showed significant differences in the use of psychoactive drugs, lipid modifying agents, drugs for diabetes, and antithrombotic agents, as well as changes in drugs used for arterial hypertension. In general, these changes are consistent with those observed in elderly populations in high-income countries.

Insomnia subtypes and their relationship to excessive daytime sleepiness in Brazilian community-dwelling older adults.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between different types of insomnia as exposures and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) as a binary outcome in older Brazilian residents. DESIGN: The baseline examination of the Bambuí Health and Ageing Study (BHAS), which is an ongoing population-based prospective cohort study of older adults. SETTING: Bambuí (15,000 inhabitants), a city in the State of Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil PARTICIPANTS: All residents aged ≥ 60 years were eligible to take part in the BHAS baseline. Of 1742 residents identified who were ≥ 60 years, 1606 (92.2%) were interviewed and received comprehensive examinations of health status. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: EDS was defined as the presence of sleepiness ≥ 3 times per week in the last month, causing any interference in usual activities. All insomnia subtypes were significantly associated with EDS in unadjusted analyses, and these associations were only modestly altered after adjusting incrementally for the other covariates. In a final model, the 3 insomnia subtypes were entered into a fully adjusted model simultaneously to investigate mutual independence, giving prevalence ratios of 1.63 (95% CI 1.14-2.31) for initial insomnia, 2.13 (95% CI 1.48-3.07) for middle insomnia, and 1.36 (95% CI 0.94-1.96) for terminal insomnia. The population attributable fractions for initial, middle, and terminal insomnia on prevalence of EDS were 17.6%, 32.9%, and 9.7%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Middle insomnia emerged as the insomnia subtype most strongly associated with EDS. Further research is required to clarify causal pathways underlying this cross-sectional association.

Association between sleep duration and all-cause mortality in old age: 9-year follow-up of the Bambuí Cohort Study, Brazil.

This study investigates the association of sleep duration with risk of all-cause mortality among elderly Brazilians using data from a 9-year population-based cohort study and applying a multivariable longitudinal categorical and continuous analysis using Cox's proportional hazards models. This analysis used data from the Bambui Health and Ageing Study (BHAS), conducted in Bambuí city (approximately 15000 inhabitants) in southeastern Brazil. The study population comprised 1512 (86.8%) of all eligible 1742 elderly residents. In multivariable analysis, using sleep duration as categorical variable and controlling for multiple measures of sociodemographic and health status, those who slept 9h or more per night were found to be at higher risk of mortality than those who slept 7h [hazard ratio (HR): 1.53; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12-2.09]. Excluding those whose deaths occurred within 2years after entry, this association remained significant (HR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.12-2.18). In analyses using sleep duration as a continuous variable, a linear correlation was found between sleep duration and mortality in all adjusted models in the whole sample (HR: 1.08; 95% CI: 1.02-1.15) and following exclusion of those whose deaths occurred within 2years after entry (HR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.06-1.21). Both linear and quadratic terms were significant, reflecting a predicted relationship, with mortality predominantly increasing in association with long sleep duration but with the addition of a slight decrease in association with shorter sleep duration. In conclusion, long rather than short sleep duration was associated principally with all-cause mortality in this sample. It is therefore reasonable to suggest that clinicians should be aware of the potential adverse prognosis associated with prolonged sleep.