Pharmaceutical development of a parenteral formulation of conivaptan hydrochloride.

Conivaptan hydrochloride injection (Vaprisol®) was developed for the treatment of hyponatremia. Because the drug is very slightly soluble in water, pH control and cosolvency techniques were used to achieve the optimum concentration required for clinical trial material. Stability studies on retained samples of the clinical trial material for early-phase trials showed white visible particulates mainly in the headspace of the glass ampoule long after completion of the trials. The mechanism for generation of the particulate matter was formation of freebase of conivaptan hydrochloride because of increase in pH. The pH of the formulation for late-phase clinical trials, primary stability studies, and commercial production was fine-tuned to prevent particulate formation. The formulation contains propylene glycol and ethanol. Considering the nature of the cosolvent used in the formulation, the amount of di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) delivered from an infusion system was evaluated, and we confirmed that the level of DEHP was lesser than that mentioned in the guideline. In the course of the scale-up studies for commercialization, the formulation failed the filter integrity test after the compounding solution was filtered. The dimethylsiloxane extracted from the silicon tubing used for solvent transfer coated the filter surface, which resulted in suppression of the bubble point value. The formulation and manufacturing process enabled conivaptan hydrochloride to be approved and launched in the market as a parenteral formulation. LAY ABSTRACT: Formulation scientists have recognized a trend that promising new chemical entities in the drug discovery phase often do not have ideal physicochemical properties for formulation. In particular, poor solubility is one of the challenges for development of a parenteral dosage form. Here, we describe the case of such a new chemical entity, a very slightly soluble hydrochloric salt, which was handed over from a drug discovery research laboratory to a pharmaceutical laboratory. pH control and cosolvency techniques were used to achieve the optimum concentration required for the product. However, a couple of issues emerged; we performed confirmatory studies in the course of development, and the results of these studies were used to design the formulation and manufacturing process. Most prominent issues were particulate matter formation on the inner surface the headspace of the ampoule and failure of the filter integrity test. In addition, we discuss the root causes and the mechanisms of the above issues and the measures taken to prevent them. A part of them are crucial, and information obtained from this study is important for development of new chemical entities as injectables in the future.

Effects of ursodeoxycholic acid on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous and oral midazolam in healthy volunteers.

Animal and in vitro studies suggest that ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) can induce cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) expression and enhance its activities. On the other hand, Becquemont et al. demonstrated that UDCA had no influence on intestinal CYP3A activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of UDCA on the intestinal and hepatic CYP3A activities by administration of midazolam (MDZ), as a specific probe for CYP3A activity, in humans. This was a randomized, open-label, crossover study with two phases in 14 healthy volunteers. The volunteers received UDCA (300 mg/day) or placebo orally for 9 days. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intravenous MDZ (5 microg/kg) and oral MDZ (15 microg/kg) were assessed on days 8 and 9, respectively. The pharmacodynamics of MDZ was estimated by measuring peak saccadic velocity, postural away length, critical fusion flicker frequency, and visual analogue scale. UDCA did not affect the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters of intravenous and oral MDZ administrations. Our study suggests that the clinical dosage of UDCA could not affect both hepatic and intestinal CYP3A activities and that the drug interaction between UDCA and substrates for CYP3A is unlikely in humans.