The utility of stool cultures for diagnosing tuberculosis in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus.

BACKGROUND: Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) increases mortality. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether stool culture improves the diagnosis of TB in people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV). DESIGN: We analysed cross-sectional data of TB diagnosis in PLHIV in Cambodia, Thailand and Viet Nam. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between positive stool culture and TB, and to calculate the incremental yield of stool culture. RESULTS: A total of 1693 PLHIV were enrolled with a stool culture result. Of 228 PLHIV with culture-confirmed TB from any site, 101 (44%) had a positive stool culture; of these, 91 (90%) had pulmonary TB (PTB). After adjusting for confounding factors, a positive stool culture was associated with smear-negative (odds ratio [OR] 26, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12-58), moderately smear-positive (OR 60, 95%CI 23-159) and highly smear-positive (OR 179, 95%CI 59-546) PTB compared with no PTB. No statistically significant association existed with extra-pulmonary TB compared with no extra-pulmonary TB (OR 2, 95%CI 1-5). The incremental yield of one stool culture above two sputum cultures (5%, 95%CI 3-8) was comparable to an additional sputum culture (7%, 95%CI 4-11). CONCLUSION: Nearly half of the PLHIV with TB had a positive stool culture that was strongly associated with PTB. Stool cultures may be used to diagnose TB in PLHIV.

Inadequate ventilation for nosocomial tuberculosis prevention in public hospitals in Central Thailand.

SETTING: Forty-two community and general hospitals in central Thailand. OBJECTIVE: To examine the adequacy of indoor ventilation for nosocomial tuberculosis (TB) prevention in public hospitals in central Thailand. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 323 patient care and ancillary areas in the target hospitals. Data on indoor ventilation rate were collected by the tracer gas method and reported as air changes per hour (ACH). The adequacy of the measured ventilation rates were then determined by comparison with the international recommended standard values. RESULTS: Indoor ventilation rates were inadequate in almost half of the studied areas (144/323, 44.6%). The inadequacy was particularly serious in the emergency rooms (ERs) and radiological areas, where 73.8% (31/42 each) of the rooms had ACH below the recommended standards. Detailed analysis showed that most of the rooms with natural ventilation had air exchange rates that exceeded the recommended standards, while the opposite was the case for rooms with air-conditioning, particularly the window or wall-mount type. CONCLUSION: Indoor ventilation in high-risk nosocomial TB areas in public hospitals in Thailand was inadequate due to the installation of air-conditioning systems in modern buildings.

A more reliable PCR for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical samples.

Diagnostic techniques based on PCR have two major problems: false-positive reactions due to contamination with DNA fragments from previous PCRs (amplicons) and false-negative reactions caused by inhibitors that interfere with the PCR. We have improved our previously reported PCR based on the amplification of a fragment of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex-specific insertion element IS6110 with respect to both problems. False-positive reactions caused by amplicon contamination were prevented by the use of uracil-N-glycosylase and dUTP instead of dTTP. We selected a new set of primers outside the region spanned by the formerly used primers to avoid false-positive reactions caused by dTTP-containing amplicons still present in the laboratory. With this new primer set, 16 copies of the IS6110 insertion element, the equivalent of two bacteria, could be amplified 10(10) times in 40 cycles, resulting in a mean efficiency of 77% per cycle. To detect the presence of inhibitors of the Taq polymerase, which may cause false-negative reactions, part of each sample was spiked with M. tuberculosis DNA. The DNA purification method using guanidinium thiocyanate and diatoms effectively removed most or all inhibitors of the PCR. However, this was not suitable for blood samples, for which we developed a proteinase K treatment followed by phenol-chloroform extraction. This method permitted detection of 20 M. tuberculosis bacteria per ml of whole blood. Various laboratory procedures were introduced to reduce failure or inhibition of PCR and avoid DNA cross contamination. We have tested 218 different clinical specimens obtained from patients suspected of having tuberculosis. The samples included sputum (n=145), tissue biopsy samples (n=25), cerebrospinal fluid (n=15), blood (n=14), pleural fluid (n=9), feces, (n=7), fluid from fistulae (n=2), and pus from a wound (n=1). The results obtained by PCR were consistent with those obtained with culture, which is the "gold standard." We demonstrate that PCR is a useful technique for the rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis at various sites.

Norfloxacin versus co-trimoxazole for the treatment of upper urinary tract infections: a double blind trial.

The clinical and bacteriological efficacy of norfloxacin and co-trimoxazole was compared in patients with symptomatic upper urinary tract infections (UTI). Norfloxacin 400 mg or cotrimoxazole (160 mg of trimethoprim plus 800 mg of sulphamethoxazole) were given orally b.i.d. for seven days to 94 Thai patients. Clinical and bacteriological assessments were performed before and at 5, 14 and 21 days after start of treatment. Bacteriological outcome could be evaluated in 69 patients, 35 randomized to norfloxacin and 34 to co-trimoxazole. The bacteriological cure rate assessed four to seven days after treatment was significantly higher in the norfloxacin than in the co-trimoxazole group (94.3% vs. 73.5%; p less than 0.05). Few patients in each group reported mild and transient adverse effects. We conclude that norfloxacin was well tolerated and more effective than co-trimoxazole in the treatment of upper UTI.