Restoration of albumin production by nucleoside analogue therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B.

The clinical course of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CH-B) was greatly changed by the introduction of nucleoside analogues. We often encounter patients where the serum level of albumin recovers quickly following the treatment. In this study, we focused carefully on the changes in serum albumin level noted during nucleoside analogue therapy, in an effort to clarify the mechanism behind the restoration of albumin production. We observed changes in serum albumin levels during nucleoside analogue therapy in 12 patients with CH-B and studied the mechanism behind the restoration of albumin production following the therapy. The serum level of albumin was significantly increased very soon after the treatment was started. Prior to treatment with nucleoside analogues, the albumin signal for mRNA was only slightly seen in the peri-portal area, whereas 12 months after the treatment, the liver tissue presented an obvious signal of albumin mRNA. Serum levels of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) were significantly decreased 12 months after the treatment. In this study, we demonstrated that nucleoside analogues decrease HGF through the suppression of hepatocyte damage, leading to the restoration of albumin production in patients with CH-B.

Limitation of repeated radiofrequency ablation in hepatocellular carcinoma: proposal of a three (times) × 3 (years) index.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has been shown to be a highly effective treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated the controllability of HCC and explored the algorithm of therapeutic strategy for HCC in patients who met the RFA criteria. METHODS: We enrolled 472 patients with HCC who met the RFA criteria (≤ 3 nodules, ≤ 3 cm) and underwent RFA for initial therapy. Patients who underwent repeated RFA were evaluated retrospectively when HCC exceeded the RFA criteria, or the functional hepatic reserve progressed to Child-Pugh grade C. RESULTS: Overall survival rates were: 1 year, 96%; 3 years, 79%; and 5 years, 56%. In 5 years, 14% of patients progressed to Child-Pugh grade C. Meanwhile, 47% of patients exceeded the RFA criteria. Annually, 8% of patients deviated from the RFA criteria. The percentage of patients who were able to receive RFA significantly decreased at the fourth session compared with up to the third session. The survival rates decreased at the rate of 7% annually until the third year after the initial RFA. Afterwards, it shifted to a decrease at the rate of 12% annually. In a multivariate analysis, the presence of hepatitis C virus infection and the existence of a single tumor were identified as significant independent factors contributing to probabilities exceeding the RFA criteria. CONCLUSIONS: HCC was controlled by RFA up to three RFA treatments and 3 years from the initial therapy. On this basis, we propose a "three (times) × 3 (years) index" for considering a shift from RFA to other treatment modalities.

Late-evening snack with branched-chain amino acids improves liver function after radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma.

AIM: This prospective study was designed to examine whether consumption of a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA)-enriched nutrient mixture as a late-evening snack (LES) helps maintain and/or improve liver functioning in liver cirrhosis (LC) patients who have undergone radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: An equal number (10) of 30 LC patients who had undergone RFA for HCC was randomly assigned to a standard diet group (control) group, a morning BCAA (M-BCAA) administration group, or a LES with BCAA (LES-BCAA) administration group. Liver function testing was performed and Child-Pugh scores (CPS) calculated for each group to assess the improvement at 1, 4 and 12 weeks post-RFA. RESULTS: Compared to the control and M-BCAA groups, the LES-BCAA group experienced a rapid and significant improvement in albumin and total serum bilirubin levels and in CPS that began during the initial post-RFA period. These results indicate that LES with BCAA supplementation significantly improved the CPS of the LES-BCAA group at 4 and 12 weeks post-RFA. Although no patients experienced serious adverse effects, two patients who had been diagnosed with diabetes mellitus before undergoing RFA required blood sugar management to improve glycemic control and one subject withdrew due to supplement-induced vomiting. CONCLUSION: LES with BCAA supplementation significantly and rapidly improves liver functioning and CPS in LC patients who have undergone RFA for HCC. Control of blood sugar levels is necessary when calorie-containing BCAA is administrated to LC patients with impaired glucose tolerance.

Temporally distinct expression of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 and 2 during embryonic development of the rat olfactory system.

To study the development of glutamatergic neurons during the main olfactory bulb morphogenesis in rats, we examined the expression of vesicular glutamate transporters 1 (VGLUT1) and 2 (VGLUT2). On VGLUT1, expressions of mRNA and immunoreactivity were first detected in the mitral cell layer on embryonic day (E) 17.5 and E18.5, respectively, and persisted in the E20.5 olfactory bulb. Much earlier (on E12.5) than VGLUT1, expressions of VGLUT2 mRNA and/or immunoreactivity were found in the olfactory epithelium, migratory cells and telencephalon. On E14.5, the mRNA expression was also observed in the prospective bulbar region and vomeronasal organ, while immunoreactivity existed in migratory cells and growing fibers. Some fibers were observed in the deep telencephalic wall. From E16.5 onward, mRNA expression became gradually detectable in cells of the mitral cell layer with development. On E17.5, immunoreactivity was first found in fibers of the developing olfactory bulb and in some immature mitral cells from E18.5 to E20.5. The present study clarifies the expression of VGLUT2 precedent to VGLUT1 during olfactory bulb morphogenesis, suggesting differential contribution of the two VGLUT subtypes to glutamate-mediated embryonic events.

Clinical features of Wilson disease: Analysis of 10 cases.

AIM: The diagnosis of Wilson disease is based on the results of several clinical and biochemical tests. This study aimed to clarify the clinical features and spectrum of Wilson disease, including severe Wilson disease. METHODS: Between 1985 and 2009, 10 patients with clinical, biochemical or histological evidence of Wilson disease were either diagnosed or had a previously established diagnosis confirmed at Fukuoka University Hospital. Severe Wilson disease was defined by a serum prothrombin time ratio of more than 1.5 or serum prothrombin activity of less than 50%. The 10 Wilson disease patients were divided into two groups, one containing three non-severe patients and the other containing seven severe patients, and the biochemical features of the patients in these two groups were compared. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 21.5 ± 11.7 years (range, 7-39). Decreased serum ceruloplasmin, enhanced 24-h urinary copper excretion, presence of Kayser-Fleischer rings and histological signs of chronic liver damage were confirmed in 100%, 100%, 66.7% and 100% of patients, respectively. Severe Wilson disease patients had higher levels of serum ceruloplasmin and serum copper (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, respectively) than non-severe patients. CONCLUSION: In severe Wilson disease patients, the serum ceruloplasmin and serum copper levels were higher than those in non-severe Wilson disease patients.

Sustained upregulation of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide and bile salt export pump and downregulation of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase in the liver of patients with end-stage primary biliary cirrhosis.

To examine the mRNA expression of hepatobiliary transporters in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients and to compare bile acid absorption, synthesis, and efflux in patients with non-end-stage and end-stage PBC, we obtained liver samples from PBC patients by percutaneous needle biopsy. End-stage PBC was defined as follows: histological stage IV; cirrhosis; serum total bilirubin, ≥4.0 mg/dl; and Child-Pugh Class C. The mRNA expression levels of sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), bile salt export pump (BSEP), and hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) were significantly higher in the PBC patients than in the controls (P < 0.01). The mRNA levels of NTCP and BSEP were significantly higher in the end-stage PBC patients than in the controls (P < 0.01). However, hepatic CYP7A1 mRNA expression decreased significantly (by 70%) in the patients with end-stage PBC as compared to the controls and the patients with non-end-stage PBC (P < 0.01). The hepatic expression of transporters mediating bile acid influx and efflux showed sustained elevation, whereas that of the rate-limiting enzyme for bile acid biosynthesis was attenuated in the end-stage PBC patients. Thus, mechanisms may be present preventing the accumulation of toxic bile acids in the hepatocytes of end-stage PBC patients.

Alternative transporter pathways in patients with untreated early-stage and late-stage primary biliary cirrhosis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The hepatic expression of bile acid transporters is altered in experimental cholestasis and it is unclear whether regulation exists in human cholestatic diseases. We investigated the expression of genes involved in bile acid detoxification, basolateral export and nuclear factor regulation in untreated primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). METHODS: Liver tissues were obtained from patients with early-stage and late-stage PBC. The hepatic expression levels of messenger RNAs were determined by the real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The hepatic expression of multidrug-resistance protein 4 messenger RNA was significantly upregulated in early-stage and late-stage PBC patients compared with controls. The hepatic expression of multidrug-resistance protein 2 and multidrug-resistance protein 3 messenger RNAs was significantly elevated only in early-stage PBC patients. The hepatic expression levels of farnesoid X receptor, fetoprotein transcription factor and constitutive androstane receptor mRNAs were correlated with those of multidrug-resistance protein 2, multidrug-resistance protein 3 and multidrug-resistance protein 4 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The hepatic expression of multidrug-resistance protein 4 was enhanced in patients with untreated PBC at all stages. However, the hepatic expression of multidrug-resistance protein 2 and multidrug-resistance protein 3 was enhanced only in early-stage patients. The lack of upregulation of these proteins might contribute to the progression of PBC.

Budd-Chiari syndrome: two cases with different courses.

We report two cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Case 1: A 57-year-old man presented with leg edema and esophageal varices. Cavography showed obstruction of the inferior vena cava with antiphospholipid syndrome. Further, the patient showed positive serology for hepatitis C virus and consumed large quantities of alcohol. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty was performed on this patient and anticoagulants administered; leg edema and esophageal varices were ameliorated although liver biopsy showed cirrhosis without evident congestion. More than 9 months since the diagnosis, restenosis of the inferior vena cava has not occurred. Case 2: A 73-year-old woman presented abdominal pain but no edema or varices. Cavography showed membranous obstruction of the inferior vena cava which required no therapy. Manifestation of portal hypertension was not present and liver function was maintained although liver biopsy showed obvious congestion. These cases showed untypical features against histopathology, and careful observation will be required for emergence of hepatocellular carcinoma.

PTEN/Akt signaling through epidermal growth factor receptor is prerequisite for angiogenesis by hepatocellular carcinoma cells that is susceptible to inhibition by gefitinib.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common tumor-related causes of death worldwide for which there is still no satisfactory treatment. We previously reported the antiangiogenic effect of gefitinib, a selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has been used successfully to treat lung cancer. In this study, we investigated the effects of gefitinib on tumor-induced angiogenesis by using HCC cell lines (HCC3, CBO12C3, and AD3) in vitro as well as in vivo. Oral administration of gefitinib inhibited angiogenesis induced by HCC3 and CBO12C3, but not by AD3 in the mouse dorsal air sac model. Production of both vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) by EGF-stimulated HCC was more markedly inhibited by gefitinib in HCC3 and CBO12C3 cells than in AD3 cells. EGF stimulated the phosphorylation of EGFR, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in HCC3 and CBO12C3 cells, whereas EGF stimulated phosphorylation of EGFR and ERK1/2, but not Akt in AD3 cells. In fact, Akt was constitutively activated in the absence of EGF in AD3 cells. Gefitinib inhibited Akt phosphorylation in all three cell lines, but it was about five times less effective in AD3 cells. The concentration of PTEN in AD3 cells was about a half that in HCC3 and CBO12C3 cells. Transfection of HCC3 cells with PTEN small interfering RNA reduced their sensitivity to gefitinib in terms of its inhibitory effect on both Akt phosphorylation and the production of VEGF and CXCL1. In conclusion, effect of gefitinib on HCC-induced angiogenesis depends on its inhibition of the production of angiogenic factors, probably involving a PTEN/Akt signaling pathway.

Infiltration of COX-2-expressing macrophages is a prerequisite for IL-1 beta-induced neovascularization and tumor growth.

Inflammatory angiogenesis is a critical process in tumor progression and other diseases. The inflammatory cytokine IL-1beta promotes angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis, but its mechanisms remain unclear. We examined the association between IL-1beta-induced angiogenesis and cell inflammation. IL-1beta induced neovascularization in the mouse cornea at rates comparable to those of VEGF. Neutrophil infiltration occurred on day 2. Macrophage infiltration occurred on days 4 and 6. The anti-Gr-1 Ab-induced depletion of infiltrating neutrophils did not affect IL-1beta- or VEGF-induced angiogenesis. The former was reduced in monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-deficient (MCP-1(-/-)) mice compared with wild-type mice. After day 4, clodronate liposomes, which kill macrophages, reduced IL-1beta-induced angiogenesis and partially inhibited VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Infiltrating macrophages near the IL-1beta-induced neovasculature were COX-2 positive. Lewis lung carcinoma cells expressing IL-1beta (LLC/IL-1beta) developed neovasculature with macrophage infiltration and enhanced tumor growth in wild-type but not MCP-1(-/-) mice. A COX-2 inhibitor reduced tumor growth, angiogenesis, and macrophage infiltration in LLC/IL-1beta. Thus, macrophage involvement might be a prerequisite for IL-1beta-induced neovascularization and tumor progression.

HER2 overexpression increases sensitivity to gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, through inhibition of HER2/HER3 heterodimer formation in lung cancer cells.

Gefitinib (Iressa), an epidermal growth factor receptor targeting drug, has been clinically useful for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Gefitinib is currently being applied in clinical studies as either a monotherapy, or as part of a combination therapy against prostate, head and neck, gastric, breast, and colorectal tumors. However, success rates vary between different tumor types, and thus it is important to understand which molecular target(s) are responsible for limiting the therapeutic efficacy of the drug. In this study, we ask whether expression of HER2 affects sensitivity to gefitinib in human lung cancer cells. We established two clones, LK2/HER2-32 and LK2/HER2-57, by transfecting HER2 cDNA into LK2, a NSCLC line with a low expression level of HER2. We observed no mutations in exons 18, 19, and 21 of EGFR gene in LK2, LK2/mock- and two HER2-trasfectants when we observed in-frame deletion mutations (E746-A750) adjacent to K745 in a gefitinib-sensitive NSCLC cell line, PC9. These LK2/HER2-32 and LK2/HER2-57 were much more sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of gefitinib than the parental LK2 lines. Treatment with 0.5 to 1 micromol/L gefitinib specifically blocked Akt activation in both HER2-transfectant lines, but not in the parental LK2 cells. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 activation, however, was not blocked by gefitinib up to 10 micromol/L in either the parent or transfectant lines. Gefitinib was also shown to induce cell cycle arrest in the G1-S phase, and an accompanying increase of p27Kip1 was observed. LK2/HER2 transfectants showed constitutive formation of HER2/HER3 heterodimer, which were seen to associate with a regulatory subunit of phosphoinositide-3-kinase, p85alpha, when active. Treatment of LK2/HER2 cells with gefitinib markedly decreased the formation of HER2/HER3 heterodimers, HER3 basal phosphorylation, and the association of p85alpha with HER3. This study is the first to show that under basal growth conditions, HER2 sensitizes low-EGFR NSCLC cell lines to growth inhibition by gefitinib.

Sensitivity to gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839) in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines correlates with dependence on the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and EGF receptor/Akt pathway for proliferation.

Gefitinib (Iressa, ZD1839), a quinazoline tyrosine kinase inhibitor that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is approved for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in several countries including Japan. However, the mechanism of drug sensitivity to gefitinib is not fully understood. In this study, we examined the molecular basis of sensitivity to gefitinib using nine human lung cancer cell lines derived from NSCLC. PC9 was the most sensitive to gefitinib of the nine NSCLC cell lines when assayed either by colony formation or MTS assays. The various cell lines expressed different levels of EGFR, HER2, HER3, and HER4, but there was no correlation between levels of EGFR and/or HER2 expression and drug sensitivity. Phosphorylation of EGFR, protein kinase B/AKT (Akt), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 was inhibited by much lower concentration of gefitinib in PC9 cells than in the other eight cell lines under exponential growing conditions. About 80% of cell surface EGFR in PC-9 was internalized within 10 min, whereas only about 30-50% of the cell surface EGFR was internalized in more drug-resistant cell lines in 15-60 min. The present study is the first to demonstrate that sensitivity to growth inhibition by gefitinib in NSCLC cell lines under basal growth condition is associated with dependence on Akt and ERK1/2 activation in response to EGFR signaling for survival and proliferation and also that drug sensitivity may be related to the extent of EGF-induced down-regulation of cell surface EGFR.