Electronic structure of aqueous borohydride: a potential hydrogen storage medium.

Borohydride salts have been considered as good prospects for transportable hydrogen storage materials, with molecular hydrogen released via hydrolysis. We examine details of the hydration of sodium borohydride by the combination of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and first principles' theory. Compared to solid sodium borohydride, the aqueous sample exhibits an uncharacteristically narrow absorption feature that is shifted to lower energy, and ascribed to the formation of dihydrogen bonds between borohydride and water that weaken the boron-hydrogen covalent bonds. Water also acts to localize the highly excited molecular orbitals of borohydride, causing transitions to excited states with p character to become more intense and a sharp feature, uncharacteristic of tetrahedral molecules, to emerge. The simulations indicate that water preferentially associates with borohydride on the tetrahedral corners and edges.

pH-dependent x-ray absorption spectra of aqueous boron oxides.

Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectra at the boron K-edge were measured for aqueous boric acid, borate, and polyborate ions, using liquid microjet technology, and compared with simulated spectra calculated from first principles density functional theory in the excited electron and core hole (XCH) approximation. Thermal motion in both hydrated and isolated molecules was incorporated into the calculations by sampling trajectories from quantum mechanics∕molecular mechanics simulations at the experimental temperature. The boron oxide molecules exhibit little spectral change upon hydration, relative to mineral samples. Simulations reveal that water is arranged nearly isotropically around boric acid and sodium borate, but the calculations also indicate that the boron K-edge NEXAFS spectra are insensitive to hydrogen bonding, molecular environment, or salt interactions.

Communication: Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of aqueous adenosine triphosphate at the carbon and nitrogen K-edges.

Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the nitrogen and carbon K-edges was used to study the hydration of adenosine triphosphate in liquid microjets. The total electron yield spectra were recorded as a function of concentration, pH, and the presence of sodium, magnesium, and copper ions (Na(+)/Mg(2+)/Cu(2+)). Significant spectral changes were observed upon protonation of the adenine ring, but not under conditions that promote π-stacking, such as high concentration or presence of Mg(2+), indicating that NEXAFS is insensitive to the phenomenon. Intramolecular inner-sphere association of Cu(2+) did create observable broadening of the nitrogen spectrum, whereas outer-sphere association with Mg(2+) did not.

Investigation of protein conformation and interactions with salts via X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Nitrogen K-edge spectra of aqueous triglycine were measured using liquid microjets, and the effects of Hofmeister-active salts on the spectra were observed. Spectra simulated using density functional theory, sampled from room temperature classical molecular dynamics trajectories, capture all major features in the measured spectra. The spectrum of triglycine in water is quite similar to that in the presence of chaotropic sodium bromide (and other halides), which raises the solubility of proteins. However, a new feature is found when kosmotropic Na(2)SO(3), which lowers solubility, is present; this feature results from excitations of the nitrogen atom in the terminal amino group of triglycine. Both direct interactions between this salt and the protonated amino terminus, as well as corresponding changes in the conformational dynamics of the system, contribute to this new feature. These molecular measurements support a different mechanism for the Hofmeister effect than has previously been suggested based on thermodynamic measurements. It is also shown that near edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) is sensitive to strong direct interaction between certain salts and charged peptides. However, by investigating the sensitivity of NEXAFS to the extreme structural differences between model beta-sheets and alpha-helices, we conclude that this technique is relatively insensitive to secondary structure of peptides and proteins.

Monopeptide versus monopeptoid: insights on structure and hydration of aqueous alanine and sarcosine via X-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Despite the obvious significance, the aqueous interactions of peptides remain incompletely understood. Their synthetic analogues called peptoids (poly-N-substituted glycines) have recently emerged as a promising biomimetic material, particularly due to their robust secondary structure and resistance to denaturation. We describe comparative near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy studies of aqueous sarcosine, the simplest peptoid, and alanine, its peptide isomer, interpreted by density functional theory calculations. The sarcosine nitrogen K-edge spectrum is blue shifted with respect to that of alanine, in agreement with our calculations; we conclude that this shift results primarily from the methyl group substitution on the nitrogen of sarcosine. Our calculations indicate that the nitrogen K-edge spectrum of alanine differs significantly between dehydrated and hydrated scenarios, while that of the sarcosine zwitterion is less affected by hydration. In contrast, the computed sarcosine spectrum is greatly impacted by conformational variations, while the alanine spectrum is not. This relates to a predicted solvent dependence for alanine, as compared to sarcosine. Additionally, we show the theoretical nitrogen K-edge spectra to be sensitive to the degree of hydration, indicating that experimental X-ray spectroscopy may be able to distinguish between bulk and partial hydration, such as found in confined environments near proteins and in reverse micelles.

Auto-oligomerization and hydration of pyrrole revealed by x-ray absorption spectroscopy.

Near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectra have been measured at the carbon and nitrogen K-edges of the prototypical aromatic molecule, pyrrole, both in the gas phase and when solvated in water, and compared with spectra simulated using a combination of classical molecular dynamics and first principles density functional theory in the excited state core hole approximation. The excellent agreement enabled detailed assignments. Pyrrole is highly reactive, particularly in water, and reaction products formed by the auto-oligomerization of pyrrole are identified. The solvated spectra have been measured at two different temperatures, indicating that the final states remain largely unaffected by both hydration and temperature. This is somewhat unexpected, since the nitrogen in pyrrole can donate a hydrogen bond to water.

On the importance of nuclear quantum motions in near edge x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy of molecules.

We report the effects of sampling nuclear quantum motion with path integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) on calculations of the nitrogen K-edge spectra of two isolated organic molecules. s-triazine, a prototypical aromatic molecule occupying primarily its vibrational ground state at room temperature, exhibits substantially improved spectral agreement when nuclear quantum effects are included via PIMD, as compared to the spectra obtained from either a single fixed-nuclei based calculation or from a series of configurations extracted from a classical molecular dynamics trajectory. Nuclear quantum dynamics can accurately explain the intrinsic broadening of certain features. Glycine, the simplest amino acid, is problematic due to large spectral variations associated with multiple energetically accessible conformations at the experimental temperature. This work highlights the sensitivity of near edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) to quantum nuclear motions in molecules, and the necessity of accurately sampling such quantum motion when simulating their NEXAFS spectra.

Characterization of selective binding of alkali cations with carboxylate by x-ray absorption spectroscopy of liquid microjets.

We describe an approach for characterizing selective binding between oppositely charged ionic functional groups under biologically relevant conditions. Relative shifts in K-shell x-ray absorption spectra of aqueous cations and carboxylate anions indicate the corresponding binding strengths via perturbations of carbonyl antibonding orbitals. XAS spectra measured for aqueous formate and acetate solutions containing lithium, sodium, and potassium cations reveal monotonically stronger binding of the lighter metals, supporting recent results from simulations and other experiments. The carbon K-edge spectra of the acetate carbonyl feature centered near 290 eV clearly indicate a preferential interaction of sodium versus potassium, which was less apparent with formate. These results are in accord with the Law of Matching Water Affinities, relating relative hydration strengths of ions to their respective tendencies to form contact ion pairs. Density functional theory calculations of K-shell spectra support the experimental findings.