Subject(s)
Puberty, Precocious , Puberty , Humans , Infant , Infant, Extremely Low Birth Weight , Infant, NewbornABSTRACT
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS) is a congenital overgrowth syndrome that is occasionally associated with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH) in the neonatal period. Sotos syndrome (SS) and Kabuki syndrome (KS) are other malformation syndromes that may be complicated with HH, however, the detailed clinical characteristics of HH accompanied with these syndromes remain unclear. We herein conducted a nationwide questionnaire survey in Japan. We sent a primary questionnaire concerning the clinical experience for these syndromes to 347 perinatal care institutions. As a result, 222 departments or hospitals returned the questionnaires and the total numbers of BWS, SS, and KS patients were 113, 88, and 51, respectively. We sent a secondary questionnaire to 31 institutions where patients with these syndromes presented with HH during infancy. The secondary questionnaires were returned from the institutions and the numbers of patients were 16 for BWS, 9 for SS, and 3 for KS, respectively. Then, we compared the clinical characteristics of infants suffering from transient HH with and without these dysmorphic syndromes. As a result, BWS, SS, and KS patients showed significantly larger body size, lower Apgar scores, higher insulin levels at HH, and shorter durations of HH than non-dysmorphic infants with transient HH. We propose that a careful observation for the signs of HH, even if not specific to the syndromes, is important for the diagnosis of patients with BWS, SS, and KS in the postnatal period. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Subject(s)
Abnormalities, Multiple/blood , Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome/blood , Face/abnormalities , Hematologic Diseases/blood , Hyperinsulinism/blood , Hypoglycemia/blood , Sotos Syndrome/blood , Vestibular Diseases/blood , Abnormalities, Multiple/diagnosis , Abnormalities, Multiple/epidemiology , Apgar Score , Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome/diagnosis , Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome/epidemiology , Female , Genetic Testing , Hematologic Diseases/diagnosis , Hematologic Diseases/epidemiology , Hematologic Tests , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Japan/epidemiology , Male , Phenotype , Population Surveillance , Pregnancy , Pregnancy Complications/epidemiology , Sotos Syndrome/diagnosis , Sotos Syndrome/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Vestibular Diseases/diagnosis , Vestibular Diseases/epidemiologyABSTRACT
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is characterized by uncontrolled activation of T cells and macrophages with overproduction of cytokines. Familial HLH type 2 (FHL2) is the most common form of primary HLH and is caused by mutations in PRF1. We have recently described a significant increase in the subpopulation of CD8(+) T cells with clonal expansion and CD5 down-regulation in Epstein-Barr virus associated-HLH, which represented a valuable tool for its diagnosis. However, this unusual phenotype of CD8(+) T cells has not been investigated fully in patients with FHL2. We performed immunophenotypic analysis of peripheral blood and measured serum pro-inflammatory cytokines in five patients with FHL2. All patients showed significantly increased subpopulations of activated CD8(+) T cells with down-regulation of CD5, which were negligible among normal controls. Analysis of T-cell receptor Vß repertoire suggested the reactive and oligoclonal expansion of these cells. The proportion of the subset declined after successful treatment concomitant with reduction in the serum levels of cytokines in all patients except one who continued to have a high proportion of the subset and died. These findings suggest that down-regulation of CD5 on activated CD8(+) T cells may serve as a useful marker of dysregulated T cell activation and proliferation in FHL2.
Subject(s)
CD5 Antigens/genetics , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism , Lymphocyte Activation/genetics , Lymphocyte Activation/immunology , Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/genetics , Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/immunology , Perforin/genetics , CD5 Antigens/metabolism , Child, Preschool , Gene Expression Regulation , Humans , Immunophenotyping , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Lymphohistiocytosis, Hemophagocytic/diagnosis , Male , Mutation , Perforin/metabolism , Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/genetics , Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/metabolism , Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology , T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolismABSTRACT
We report a rare case of a congenital sternal cleft. The patient was a full-term baby girl with a superior incomplete sternal cleft with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). A primary repair of the sternum and ligation of the PDA were performed during the neonatal period without cardiac compression. Primary repair during the neonatal period is the optimal procedure for cases of congenital sternal cleft.
