Solid-State C-N Cross-Coupling Reactions with Carbazoles as Nitrogen Nucleophiles Using Mechanochemistry.

The palladium-catalyzed solid-state C-N cross-coupling of carbazoles with aryl halides via a high-temperature ball-milling technique has been reported. This reaction allowed simple, fast, and efficient synthesis of N-arylcarbazole derivatives in good to excellent yields without the use of large amounts of organic solvents in air. Importantly, the developed solid-state coupling approach enabled the cross-coupling of poorly soluble aryl halides with large polyaromatic structures that are barely reactive under conventional solution-based conditions.

General Synthesis of Trialkyl- and Dialkylarylsilylboranes: Versatile Silicon Nucleophiles in Organic Synthesis.

Compared to carbon-based nucleophiles, the number of silicon-based nucleophiles that is currently available remains limited, which significantly hampers the structural diversity of synthetically accessible silicon-based molecules. Given the high synthetic utility and ease of handling of carbon-based boron nucleophiles, silicon-based boron nucleophiles, i.e., silylboranes, have attracted considerable interest in recent years as nucleophilic silylation reagents that are activated by transition-metal catalysts or bases. However, the range of practically accessible silylboranes remains limited. In particular, the preparation of sterically hindered and functionalized silylboranes remains a significant challenge. Here, we report the use of rhodium and platinum catalysts for the direct borylation of hydrosilanes with bis(pinacolato)diboron, which allows the synthesis of new trialkylsilylboranes that bear bulky alkyl groups and functional groups as well as new dialkylarylsilylboranes that are difficult to synthesize via conventional methods using alkali metals. We further demonstrate that these compounds can be used as silicon nucleophiles in organic transformations, which significantly expands the scope of synthetically accessible organosilicon compounds compared to previously reported methods. Thus, the present study can be expected to inspire the development of efficient methods for novel silicon-containing bioactive molecules and organic materials with desirable properties. We also report the first 11B{1H} and 29Si{1H} NMR spectroscopic evidence for the formation of i-Pr3SiLi generated by the reaction of i-Pr3Si-B(pin) with MeLi.

Synthesis of 2-alkyl-2-boryl-substituted-tetrahydrofurans via copper(i)-catalysed borylative cyclization of aliphatic ketones.

A new method was developed for synthesizing 2-alkyl-2-boryl-tetrahydrofuran derivatives from aliphatic ketones using a copper(i)/N-heterocyclic carbene complex catalyst. This reaction presumably proceeds through the nucleophilic addition of a borylcopper(i) intermediate to ketone, followed by intramolecular substitution of the resulting alkoxide for the halide leaving group. The new borylation products, 2-alkyl-2-boryl-tetrahydrofuran derivatives with a condensed structure around the C-B bond, cannot be synthesized by other methods.