Correction to: International prospective observational cohort study of Zika in infants and pregnancy (ZIP study): study protocol.

Following publication of the original article [1], the author mentioned that two additional NIH staff were involved in the development of the protocol who did not receive recognition in the Acknowledgments section in their published article.

International prospective observational cohort study of Zika in infants and pregnancy (ZIP study): study protocol.

BACKGROUND: Until recently, Zika virus (ZIKV) infections were considered mild and self-limiting. Since 2015, they have been associated with an increase in microcephaly and other birth defects in newborns. While this association has been observed in case reports and epidemiological studies, the nature and extent of the relationship between ZIKV and adverse pregnancy and pediatric health outcomes is not well understood. With the unique opportunity to prospectively explore the full spectrum of issues related to ZIKV exposure during pregnancy, we undertook a multi-country, prospective cohort study to evaluate the association between ZIKV and pregnancy, neonatal, and infant outcomes. METHODS: At research sites in ZIKV endemic regions of Brazil (4 sites), Colombia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico (2 sites), and Peru, up to 10,000 pregnant women will be recruited and consented in the first and early second trimesters of pregnancy and then followed through delivery up to 6 weeks post-partum; their infants will be followed until at least 1 year of age. Pregnant women with symptomatic ZIKV infection confirmed by presence of ZIKV RNA and/or IgM for ZIKV will also be enrolled, regardless of gestational age. Participants will be tested monthly for ZIKV infection; additional demographic, physical, laboratory and environmental data will be collected to assess the potential interaction of these variables with ZIKV infection. Delivery outcomes and detailed infant assessments, including physical and neurological outcomes, will be obtained. DISCUSSION: With the emergence of ZIKV in the Americas and its association with adverse pregnancy outcomes in this region, a much better understanding of the spectrum of clinical outcomes associated with exposure to ZIKV during pregnancy is needed. This cohort study will provide information about maternal, fetal, and infant outcomes related to ZIKV infection, including congenital ZIKV syndrome, and manifestations that are not detectable at birth but may appear during the first year of life. In addition, the flexibility of the study design has provided an opportunity to modify study parameters in real time to provide rigorous research data to answer the most critical questions about the impact of congenital ZIKV exposure. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT02856984 . Registered August 5, 2016. Retrospectively registered.

[Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about Carrión's disease in rural Ancash, Peru]. / Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la enfermedad de Carrión en población rural de Ancash, Perú

OBJECTIVE: To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices about Carrión's disease (bartonellosis) in rural communities with a history of epidemic outbreaks. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in the communities of Huaripampa, Orcosh, and Opayaco (Ancash, Peru) in July 2010, to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices about Carrión's disease. Interviewees were aged >18 years and had resided in the community for at least one year. RESULTS: A total of 276 residents were surveyed; 36.6% were men, and 72.5% had not heard of Carrión's disease. Of those familiar with it, most (38.7%) said that it spreads through bites, and 26% did not know how it spreads. Regarding actions to take if Carrión's disease develops, 69.3% of respondents said they would go to a health center and over half reported having recommended preventive practices to relatives or acquaintances in the past. CONCLUSIONS: Even though these three communities have a history of Carrión's disease, their inhabitants did not demonstrate adequate knowledge, attitudes, or practices for preventing it. In view of this, and given that this illness has cyclical outbreaks, it is imperative to design and implement a program to educate residents of these communities-focusing on the role of habits and customs-about how to prevent Carrión's disease, as well as the region's other main endemic diseases.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre la enfermedad de Carrión en población rural de Ancash, Perú / Knowledge, attitudes, and practices about Carrión's disease in rural Ancash, Peru

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el conocimiento, las prácticas y las actitudes sobre la enfermedad de Carrión (bartonelosis) en poblaciones rurales con antecedentes de brotes epidémicos. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal realizado en las poblaciones de Huaripampa, Orcosh y Opayaco (Ancash, Perú) durante el mes de julio del 2010, utilizando una encuesta para evaluar el conocimiento, las prácticas y las actitudes sobre la enfermedad de Carrión. Se entrevistó solo a mayores de 18 años que tuviesen una antigüedad mínima de un año residiendo en esos poblados. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron encuestas a un total de 276 pobladores, de los cuales 36,6% fueron hombres y 72,5% no había oído hablar de la enfermedad de Carrión. Entre los que la conocían, la mayoría (38,7%) indicó que se contagia mediante picaduras, mientras que 26% manifestó no conocer la forma de contagio. Con respecto a las acciones que deberían tomarse en caso de presentar la enfermedad de Carrión, 69,3% de los encuestados refirieron que acudirían a un centro de salud y más de la mitad informó haber recomendado prácticas preventivas a familiares o conocidos en el pasado. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de tratarse de comunidades históricamente afectadas por la enfermedad de Carrión, los pobladores de estas tres comunidades no mostraron un nivel adecuado de conocimientos, actitudes o prácticas para su prevención. En vista de ello, y teniendo en cuenta que este padecimiento ha presentado brotes cíclicos, se hace perentorio diseñar e implementar un programa que eduque a los habitantes de estos poblados -poniendo el foco en el papel de los usos y costumbres- sobre cómo prevenir la enfermedad de Carrión, así como el resto de las principales enfermedades endémicas de la región.

OBJECTIVE: To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices about Carrión's disease (bartonellosis) in rural communities with a history of epidemic outbreaks. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in the communities of Huaripampa, Orcosh, and Opayaco (Ancash, Peru) in July 2010, to assess knowledge, attitudes, and practices about Carrión's disease. Interviewees were aged >18 years and had resided in the community for at least one year. RESULTS: A total of 276 residents were surveyed; 36.6% were men, and 72.5% had not heard of Carrión's disease. Of those familiar with it, most (38.7%) said that it spreads through bites, and 26% did not know how it spreads. Regarding actions to take if Carrión's disease develops, 69.3% of respondents said they would go to a health center and over half reported having recommended preventive practices to relatives or acquaintances in the past. CONCLUSIONS: Even though these three communities have a history of Carrión's disease, their inhabitants did not demonstrate adequate knowledge, attitudes, or practices for preventing it. In view of this, and given that this illness has cyclical outbreaks, it is imperative to design and implement a program to educate residents of these communities-focusing on the role of habits and customs-about how to prevent Carrión's disease, as well as the region's other main endemic diseases.

MMP-1 drives immunopathology in human tuberculosis and transgenic mice.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis can cause lung tissue damage to spread, but the mechanisms driving this immunopathology are poorly understood. The breakdown of lung matrix involves MMPs, which have a unique ability to degrade fibrillar collagens at neutral pH. To determine whether MMPs play a role in the immunopathology of tuberculosis (TB), we profiled MMPs and their inhibitors, the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from patients with TB and symptomatic controls. MMP-1 concentrations were significantly increased in both HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients with TB, while TIMP concentrations were lower in HIV-negative TB patients. In primary human monocytes, M. tuberculosis infection selectively upregulated MMP1 gene expression and secretion, and Ro32-3555, a specific MMP inhibitor, suppressed M. tuberculosis-driven MMP-1 activity. Since the mouse MMP-1 ortholog is not expressed in the lung and mice infected with M. tuberculosis do not develop tissue destruction equivalent to humans, we infected transgenic mice expressing human MMP-1 with M. tuberculosis to investigate whether MMP-1 caused lung immunopathology. In the MMP-1 transgenic mice, M. tuberculosis infection increased MMP-1 expression, resulting in alveolar destruction in lung granulomas and significantly greater collagen breakdown. In summary, MMP-1 may drive tissue destruction in TB and represents a therapeutic target to limit immunopathology.

Tuberculosis: Un enfoque de Derechos Humanos / Tuberculosis: A Human Rights approach

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad que ha acompañado a la humanidad desde sus inicios, y a pesar de existir tratamiento para la mayoría de los casos, es una de las enfermedades que incrementa la brecha de inequidad. Lamentablemente, los esfuerzos para combatir esta enfermedad no han sido en la mayoría de veces enfocados como una enfermedad social, haciendo que los esfuerzos y recursos no lleguen a la solución completa. Este articulo intenta plantear si un enfoque de Derechos Humanos colaboraría con los enfoques biomédicos y de salud pública para combatir la Tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis is a disease affceting manking form very early ages, and despite the availability of appropriate therapy for most cases, it is a disease that increases the gap between the rich and the poor. Unfortunately, the efforts to fight this disease have not been focused on its socio-economic nature, leading these strategies and resources to fall short. This paper tries to show if an approach based on Human Rights is able to complement biomedical and public health measures in the fight against Tuberculosis.

Pruebas de sensibilidad para Mycobacterium tuberculosis / Drug susceptibility tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Los regímenes de tratamiento no adecuado y los problemas de adherencia del paciente han ocasionado que las tasas de resistencia de Mycobacterium tuberculosis hayan aumentado en el mundo, originando así la aparición de las cepas multidrogo resistentes (MDR) y con resistencia extensa a drogas (XDR). El Perú presenta altas tasas de TB-MDR, y ya se han reportado casos de TB-XDR. Las pruebas de sensibilidad buscan detectar los casos con cepas resistentes, permitiendo otorgar el mejor tratamiento al paciente y evitando la propagación de la enfermedad a otras personas. Esta revisión de pruebas de sensibilidad dirigida al médico noespecialista, se ha enfocado en las pruebas de sensibilidad disponibles según la Norma Técnica para el control de la Tuberculosis y otras que se encuentran en investigación.

Inadequate treatment regimens and poor compliance have led to increased rates of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis around the world, leading to the emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains. In Peru MDR-TB rates are amongst the highest in the world and XDR-TB cases have been reported for almost a decade. Drug susceptibility tests detect cases with resistant strains, providing the best treatment option to the patient and diminishing the spread of the disease. This review is directed at the non-specialist physician, focusing upon the drug susceptibility testsapproved by the National TB Program of Peru and others currently still under research.

Compromiso cardiovascular en la fase aguda de la enfermedad de Carrión o bartonelosis humana: 20 años de experiencia en Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia / Cardiovascular involvement during the acute phase of Carrion's disease or human Bartonellosis: A 20-year experience in Cayetano Heredia National Hospital

Introducción: la enfermedad de Carrión es una enfermedad re-emergenteen el Perú y presenta diversas complicaciones infecciosas y no infecciosas. Objetivo: Evaluar las complicaciones cardiovasculares (CC) en la fase aguda de la enfermedadMétodos: Estudio observacional realizado en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia (HNCH) desde 1987-2007. Ingresaron pacientes adultos con el diagnóstico confirmado de Bartonelosis. esultados: De los 68 pacientes incluidos 52 fueron masculinos y 16 femeninos, la edad media fue 25,7 años. Ninguno tuvo enfermedad cardiovascular previa. Los principales hallazgos clínicos fueron: fiebre (99%), hepatomegalia (79%), ictericia (74%), taquicardia (74%), taquipnea 71%), soplo sistólico (68%), disnea (62%), reflujo hepatoyugular (19%) e ingurgitación yugular (15%). 64 radiografías de tórax evaluadas mostraron: 44% cardiomegalia, 20% congestión pulmonar, y 16% derramepleural. Conclusión: las CC son frecuentes en la bartonelosis. Diversos síndromes cardiovasculares fueron observados, y se asociaron a menor tiempo de enfermedad, mayor estancia ospitalaria, mayor uso de cloramfenicol (Caf) y menor de ciprofloxacina (Cip), mayor frecuencia de complicacionesinfecciosas y más admisiones a la UCI, pero no mayor mortalidad.

Introduction: Carrion's disease is considered a re-emerging disease in Peru, and it leads to several non-infectious and infectious complications.Objectives: To assess cardiovascular complications (CC) during the acute phase of this disease.Methods: An observational study was conducted at Cayetano Heredia Hospital (HNCH) from 1987 to 2007. Adult patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Bartonellosis were included. Results: 68 patients were included (52 males, mean age 25,7 years). No one had prior cardiovascular disease. Main clinical findings were: fever (99%), hepatomegaly (79%), jaundice (74 per cent), tachycardia (74%), tachypnea (71%), systolic murmur (68%), dyspnea (62%), hepatojugular reflux (19%) and jugular ingurgitation (15%). Sixty-four chest X-ray films showed the following findings: 44% cardiomegaly, 20% pulmonary congestion, and 16% pleural effusion. Transthoracic echocardiogram was performed in 42 patients: 38% had pericardial effusion, 19% dilated left atrium, and 17% dilated left ventricle. Thirty-six patients developed CC: congestive heart failure was found in 92%, effusive pericarditis in 44%, acute pulmonary edema in 36%, cardiogenic shock in 17%, pericardiac tamponade in 11% and myocarditis in 11%. Patients who developed CC had a shorter time of illness before admission (p= 0.01), stayed longer in the hospital (p= 0.014), used more chloramphenicol (p= 0.009) and less ciprofloxacin (p= 0.004), they developed more infectious complications (p= 0.002), and they were more frequently admitted in the ICU (p= 0.004), compared to patients who did not develop CC.Conclusion: CC are frequent in Bartonellosis. A variety of cardiovascular syndromes was observed, and they were associated to a shorter time of illness before admission, longer hospitalizations ...

Enfermedades por artrópodos: ectoparásitos y loxocelismo / Diseases for arthropods: ectoparásites and loxocelism

Se presenta una revisión en aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos de los principales ectoparásitos: piojos (pediculosis), moscas (miasis), pulgas (pulicosis y tungiasis), chinches (cimicosis), acarosis (sarna o escabiosis), picadura de abejas, avispas y hormigas y del erucismo. Asimismo, una revisión actualizada de la clínica y epidemiología, tanto cutáneo como cutáneo-visceral del accidente producido por el Loxosceles laeta; se compara las últimas series peruanas con otras similares de Chile y Brasil, y, también, se revisa la terapia actualizada de ambos cuadros clínicos.

La bioética bajo el contexto del VIH/SIDA / The bioethics in the context of HIV/AIDS

Desde seu início, o HIV/AIDS vem se apresentando como um problema complexo nos âmbitos individual e social devido à multiplicidade de fatores em jogo: sociais, econômicos e políticos. Esses fatores propiciaram a geração de discussões e investigações, estabelecendo-se novos cenários de ação. Um dos campos em que mais se debateu e investigou, com a participação de cientistas, ativistas, pacientes e autoridades de saúde, é o da Bioética, tanto com relação aos métodos de investigação terapêutica e epidemiológica, quanto com as relações com os pacientes e seu tratamento. Nesse contexto, faz-se pertinente que se aproveite o desenvolvimento de todas essas experiências, para que sejam discutidas e incorporadas a preparação de futuras investigações, ao manejo dos pacientes, a preparação de políticas de saúde pública e ao treinamento dos futuros profissionais de saúde.

Derechos humanos y salud: El caso del VIH/SIDA / Human rights and health: The case of HIV/AIDS

The history of HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/ Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) has shown us, continuously, many experiences in the political, moral, economic, social, therapeutic and clinical areas, amongst others. Due to the various and diverse implications of this complex problem, a solitary analysis framed by only one of those fields results difficult and inappropriate. We argue that a human rights approach should be undertaken to understand and address this problem. The advantage of this type of analysis goes beyond clinical aspect of the patient, and thus provides an integral vision that every health professional should handle in a day-to-day basis.

Enfermedades por artrópodos. Parte I: Loxocelismo cutáneo y cutáneo-visceral en el Perú / Diseases by arthropods. Part I: cutaneous and visceral cutaneous loxoscelism in Peru

Se presenta una revisión actualizada de la clínica y epidemiología, tanto cutáneo-visceral del accidente producido por el Loxosceles laeta. Se compara las últimas series peruanas con otras similares de Chile y Brasil. También se revisa la terapia actualizada de ambos cuadros clínicos.

Reporte de 3 casos de fasceitis necrosante en miembros inferiores y revisión de literatura / Report of 3 cases of necrosante fasceitis in inferior members and revision of Literature

Se presentaron tres pacientes, de los cuales uno fallece debido a complicaciones originadas por la fasceitis necrotizante, a pesar de haberse realizado la intervención quirúrgica, cobertura antibiótica completa y el uso de oxígeno hiperbárico; sin embargo, la fasceitis necrotizante en estos casos fue de recuperación lenta y prolongada, incluso llegando a descompensar a falla multiorgánica y el ingreso a unidad de cuidados intensivos.