ABSTRACT
Introduction: Infections of humans and animals by multidrug resistant bacteria are increasing because of the inappropriate use of antibiotics. Disease management may be more challenging if Escherichia coli produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), which could cause resistance to aztreonam and third-generation cephalosporins. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes among ESBL-producing E. coli isolated from broiler chickens in Indonesia. Material and Methods: A total of 115 broiler cloacal swab samples were obtained from 22 farms and studied for the presence of E. coli. The isolates were identified using approved standard methods and were purified on eosin methylene blue agar media. The E. coli isolates were subjected to sensitivity testing using beta-lactam antibiotics, and ESBL production was confirmed by a double-disc synergy test. The presence of the blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes was identified using a PCR. Results: It was found that 99/115 (86.1%) of the isolated E. coli were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and 34/115 (29.6%) of them were phenotypically detected to be ESBL producers. Of the 34 isolates that were confirmed ESBL producers, 32/34 (94.1%) of them harboured the blaCTX-M and 13/34 (38.2%) the blaTEM genes. The blaCTX-M and blaTEM genes were detected together in 12/34 (35.3%) isolates. Conclusion: This study discovered that broiler chickens are possible reservoirs of ESBL-producing E. coli that may infect humans. Thus, a committed public health education campaign is recommended in order to mitigate the potential threat to human health.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Campylobacter is a zoonotic bacterium that is a major source of foodborne diseases. In humans, most cases of campylobacteriosis are caused by Campylobacter jejuni. Poultry is the main reservoir of Campylobacter for humans, because Campylobacter is part of the normal flora of the digestive tract of poultry. Antimicrobial resistance to several antibiotics in Campylobacter isolated from humans and food animals has increased rapidly. Beta-lactam is an antibiotic with a high prevalence of resistance in Campylobacter. This study aimed to investigate phenotypic and genotypic (blaOXA-61) beta-lactam resistance in C. jejuni from broilers in Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 samples of broiler intestinal contents were obtained from 10 broiler farms in Pasuruan Regency, Indonesia. Campylobacter jejuni was identified using conventional and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods. Phenotypic detection of beta-lactam resistance was performed using an antimicrobial susceptibility test with antibiotic disks of aztreonam, ampicillin, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Genotypic detection by PCR was performed using the blaOXA-61 gene, which encodes beta-lactamase. Results: Campylobacter jejuni was identified in 23% of the samples. Phenotypically, 100% (23/23) and 73.9% (17/23) C. jejuni isolates had high resistance to aztreonam and ampicillin, respectively, but all isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. Genotypically, all isolates carried blaOXA-61, indicated by the presence of a 372-bp PCR product. Conclusion: Campylobacter jejuni is highly resistant to beta-lactams and is a serious threat to human health. Resistance to beta-lactams should be monitored because beta-lactamase genes can be transferred between bacteria. Public awareness must also be increased on the importance of using antibiotics rationally in humans and animals.
ABSTRACT
Objective: The increase and prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria in livestock animals are serious public health concerns. This study aimed to identify the presence of the blaTEM gene in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from rectal swabs of apparently healthy pigs in Malang District, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 rectal swab samples were collected from the pigs. The rectal swabs were screened for the presence of E. coli using standard microbiological identification procedures. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method identified multidrug-resistant E. coli. Five different classes of antibiotics were used to identify multidrug-resistant isolates, including Ciprofloxacin, Trimethoprim, Tetracycline, Streptomycin, and Aztreonam. Multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates were characterized for the presence of ESBL using double-disk synergy test methods. The presence of blaTEM genes was determined using polymerase chain reaction methods. Results: The results of this study indicated that 107 (89.2%) out of 120 samples analyzed were positive for E. coli isolates. A total of 32 (29.9%) E. coli isolates were identified to be multidrug-resistant and further subjected to molecular testing. The molecular analysis revealed (5; 15.6%) E. coli isolates to harbor the blaTEM gene. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that pigs and products of pork origin must be considered a source of transmission of ESBL-producing E. coli to public health important under the food chain.
ABSTRACT
Background and Aim: Raw milk can be a source of food-borne disease transmission and a medium for spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are bacteria that have the pathogenic ability to attack host cells and are capable of harboring antibiotic-resistant genes. This study estimated the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of S. aureus and E. coli isolated from raw milk in East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty raw milk samples were collected from five dairy farms in East Java. S. aureus and E. coli were isolated using their respective selective media, whereas antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was confirmed using the oxacillin resistance screen agar test, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli was determined using the double-disk synergy test. The presence of mecA and blaTEM genes were screened by the polymerase chain reaction method. Results: Results indicated that the prevalence of S. aureus was 138 (55.2%) and that E. coli was 176 (70.4%). Of the 138 S. aureus isolated, 27 (19.6%) were MRSA, and among the 176 E. coli isolates identified, 3 (1.7%) were ESBL producers. The mecA gene was observed in 2 (7.4%) MRSA and all 3 (100%) ESBL-producing E. coli isolated harbored blaTEM genes. Conclusion: The presence of MRSA and ESBL-producing E. coli in raw milk is a serious public health threat, and public awareness should be raised about the dangers posed by these pathogenic organisms.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The increasing number of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella species on poultry farms in Indonesia has caused concern regarding human health. This study was conducted to determine the presence of the virulence gene invA in MDR Salmonella species isolated from the cloacal swab of broiler chickens in Blitar district, East Java Province, Indonesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cloacal swab samples were collected by purposive sampling from 15 farms in four districts. Isolation and identification of bacteria were performed using standard microbiological techniques. Confirmation of MDR isolates was done using five different classes of antibiotics, including the beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, fluoroquinolone, phenicol, and monobactam groups. An antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, and a polymerase chain reaction method was used to screen for the presence of invA. RESULTS: It was observed that 32.26% (50/155) of the samples were positive for Salmonella species. Of these 50 Salmonella isolates, 7 (14%) were identified as MDR strains. An important finding was the detection of invA in all the seven MDR Salmonella strains (100%) isolated from the cloacal swab of broiler chickens in Blitar district, East Java Province. CONCLUSION: Veterinarians have an extremely important role in monitoring the use of antibiotics in farm animals to mitigate the rapid spread of MDR organisms in our environment, which can otherwise cause serious economic losses and also public health issues.
