Encouraging and Reinforcing Safe Breastfeeding Practices during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

AIM: Promote safe breastfeeding during the pandemic. METHODS: All participants were encouraged to request safe breastfeeding education from their prenatal provider. Pregnant mothers received appropriate breastfeeding and COVID-19 safe breastfeeding education in line with the CDC's COVID-19 breastfeeding guidelines. Data were obtained from 39 mothers attending Nashville General Hospital pediatric well-baby clinics (Group I: from December 2019 to June 2020) and 97 pregnant women attending prenatal clinics (Group II: from July 2020 to August 2021). RESULTS: The participants' ages ranged from 15 to 45 years, with a mean of 27.5 ± 6.2. The women in both groups were similar in age, education, employment, and breastfeeding experience. They were equally unlikely to use face masks at home even while receiving guests or holding their babies. Although 121 (89.0%) women claimed face mask use while shopping, the rate for never doing so was 7 (18.0%) vs. 8 (8.3%) (p < 0.006) for Groups I and II, respectively. Safe practices included limited outing (66 (48.5%)), sanitized hands (62 (45.6%)), restricted visitors (44 (32.4%)), and limited baby outing (27 (19.9%)), and 8 (8.3%) in Group II received COVID-19 vaccinations. About half described fair and accurate COVID-19 safe breastfeeding knowledge, but 22 (30.1%) of them claimed they received no information. Breastfeeding contraindication awareness for Groups I and II were as follows: cocaine = 53.8% vs. 37.1%, p < 0.06; HIV = 35.9% vs. 12.4%, p < 0.002; breast cancer = 17.9% vs. 16.5%; and COVID-19 with symptoms = 28.2% vs. 5.2%, p < 0.001. The information source was similar, with family, friends, and media accounting for 77 (56.6%) of women while doctors, nurses, and the CLC was the source for 21 (15.4%) women. Exclusive breastfeeding one month postpartum for Groups I and II was 41.9% and 12.8% (p < 0.006), respectively. CONCLUSION: The mothers were not more knowledgeable regarding breastfeeding safely one year into the COVID-19 pandemic. Conflicting lay information can create healthy behavior ambivalence, which can be prevented by health professionals confidently advising mothers to wear face masks when breastfeeding, restricting visitors and outings, and accepting COVID-19 vaccination. This pandemic remains an open opportunity to promote and encourage breastfeeding to every mother as the default newborn feeding method.

The Impact of a Breastfeeding Promotion Intervention on Rapid Weight Gain among African American Infants.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) on rapid weight gain (RWG) among infants of African American women enrolled in a breastfeeding promotion intervention. METHODS: African American mothers in the 2nd or 3rd trimester who consented and attended four 30-minute breastfeeding promotion sessions prospectively provided breastfeeding and physical measurements at birth, four-, six-, and twelve-months. RESULTS: Mean age of mothers was 28.74±6.0 years, range 15-42 years, 62(38.8%) primiparous, 59 (36.9%) had ≤high school diploma, and 68 (42.5%) annual income <$15,000. Exclusive breastfeeding at birth, three, and six months were 104 (62.7%), 44 (34.4%), and 21 (17.9%). Rapid weight gain at four months and six months were 42 (36.2%) and 77 (74.8%). Difference in rapid weight gain at four months for babies breastfed up to three months vs. those who were not was significant, p<.04. Maternal demographics did not predict RWG in multiple regression modelling. The incidence of overweight at 12 months for babies who experienced RWG at four months vs. those who did not was significantly different, p<.001. CONCLUSION: Exclusive breastfeeding for six months was associated with reduced risk of RWG in early infancy.

Precision Medicine: Familiarity, Perceived Health Drivers, and Genetic Testing Considerations Across Health Literacy Levels in a Diverse Sample.

A clear awareness of a patient's knowledge, values, and perspectives is an important component of effective genetic counseling. Advances in precision medicine, however, have outpaced our understanding of patient perceptions of this new approach. Patient views may differ across the three domains of precision medicine (genetics, behavioral, and environmental determinants of health), ethnic/racial groups, and health literacy levels. This study describes and compares group differences in familiarity, perceptions, and preferences for precision medicine in a diverse sample. Between 2016 and 2017, 252 participants completed a 10-15-min survey in three primary care clinics in Florida and Tennessee. The final sample was 42.5% African American/Black, 25.8% Hispanic/Latino, 25.0% White, and 6.7% other ethnicity/race. Less than a quarter of participants reported being familiar with the term "precision medicine," but were more familiar with basic genetic terms. Participants with higher health literacy reported greater familiarity with terms (p ≤ .003). African Americans/Black participants were more likely to identify ethnicity/race and discrimination as influencing their health (p ≤ .004). When deciding to get a genetic test, individuals across ethnic/racial groups shared similar considerations. Those with higher health literacy, however, gave significantly greater importance to provider trust (p ≤ .008). Given the recent emergence of precision medicine, at present there may be limited differences in patient perceptions across ethnic/racial groups. Culturally sensitive efforts, tailored to health literacy level, may aid equitable precision medicine uptake.

Plasma Lycopene Is Associated with Pizza and Pasta Consumption in Middle-Aged and Older African American and White Adults in the Southeastern USA in a Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The role of dietary lycopene in chronic disease prevention is not well known. METHODS: This study examined intake of lycopene and other antioxidants from lycopene-rich foods (e.g., pizza and pasta) simultaneously with plasma levels of lycopene and other antioxidants in a representative cross-sectional sample (187 Blacks, 182 Whites, 40-79 years old) from the Southern Community Cohort Study (SCCS). The SCCS is an ongoing study conducted in populations at high risk for chronic diseases living in Southeastern United States. Dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and plasma levels of lycopene and other antioxidants were measured at baseline (2002-2005). The participants were classified into tertiles according to consumption of pizza and pasta food groups. RESULTS: Lycopene dietary intake and plasma lycopene concentrations were significantly higher in the highest (tertile 3) compared to tertiles 1 and 2 (both P < 0.01). Total energy intake ranged from 1964.3 ± 117.1 kcal/day (tertile 1) to 3277.7 ± 115.8 kcal/day (tertile 3) (P<0.0001). After adjusting for age and energy intake, total dietary fat, saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and sodium intakes were significantly higher in tertile 3 than tertiles 2 and 1 (all P <0.01). Vitamin C intake was significantly lower in tertile 3 than tertiles 1 and 2 (P = 0.003). Except for γ-tocopherol being higher in tertile 3 than tertiles 1 and 2 (P = 0.015), the plasma concentrations of antioxidants were lower in tertile 3 than tertiles 1 and 2 (ß-carotene, α-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin, all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In the SCCS population, pizza and pasta were the main sources of dietary lycopene and their intake was associated with plasma lycopene concentration. Diets with frequent pizza and pasta consumption were high in energy, saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, sodium and low in other antioxidants. Future studies of lycopene as a protective dietary factor against chronic disease should consider the overall nutritional quality of lycopene-containing foods.

Diabetes and prostate cancer screening in black and white men.

PURPOSE: Prior studies conducted primarily among white men find a reduced risk of prostate cancer associated with time since developing diabetes. While biologic explanations are plausible, the association may in part arise from more frequent prostate cancer screening among those with a diabetes diagnosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between diabetes and prostate cancer screening. METHODS: We examined differences in prostate cancer screening (prostate-specific antigen and/or digital rectal examination) testing practices after a diabetes diagnosis among lower-income persons living in the southeastern United States and enrolled in the Southern Community Cohort Study between 2002 and 2009. Baseline in-person interviews collected information on history of diabetes and prostate cancer screening from 18,809 black and 6,404 white men aged 40-79 years. RESULTS: After adjustment for confounding, diabetic black [odds ratio (OR) 1.12, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.01-1.25] and white (OR 1.25, 95 % CI 1.03-1.51) men were more likely to undergo recent prostate cancer screening compared to non-diabetic men of the same race. The increased risk for prostate cancer screening, however, occurred primarily within the first 12 months after diabetes diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that a diabetes diagnosis modestly increases the likelihood of having a prostate cancer screening test for both black and white men. The prevalence of screening was higher nearer to the time of diabetes diagnosis, which may contribute to an early increase in prostate cancer detection followed by lower prostate cancer detection after an extended time.

Wilms tumor survival in Kenya.

PURPOSE: Survival from Wilms Tumor (WT) exceeds 90% at 5 years in developed nations, whereas at last report, 2-year event-free survival (EFS) in Kenya reached only 35%. To clarify factors linked to these poor outcomes in Kenya, we established a comprehensive web-based WT registry, comprised of patients from the four primary hospitals treating childhood cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: WT patients diagnosed between January 2008 and January 2012 were identified. Files were abstracted for demographic characteristics, treatment regimens, and enrollment in the Kenyan National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF). Children under 15 years of age having both a primary kidney tumor on imaging and concordant histology consistent with WT were included. RESULTS: Two-year event-free survival (EFS) was 52.7% for all patients (n=133), although loss to follow up (LTFU) was 50%. For the 33 patients who completed all scheduled standard therapy, 2-year EFS was 94%. Patients enrolled in NHIF tended to complete more standard therapy and had a lower hazard of death (Cox 0.192, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Survival of Kenyan WT patients has increased slightly since last report. Notably, WT patients completing all phases of standard therapy experienced 2-year survival approaching the benchmarks of developed nations. Efforts in Kenya should be made to enhance compliance with WT treatment through NHIF enrollment.

A tailored prostate cancer education intervention for low-income African Americans: impact on knowledge and screening.

African American men bear disproportionate burden of prostate cancer (PCa) that can be reduced by early detection. A 15-minute culturally appropriate PCa education intervention developed to communicate effective, relevant, and balanced PCa screening information to low-income African American men was evaluated in men 42 years and older who had not been screened in one year. Of 539 men enrolled, 392 (72.7%) completed the six-month follow-up. Mean age was 54.4±8.9, 34.7% had no high school diploma, and 65.3% earned less than $25,000 annually. Barriers to screening included health insurance (41.4%), discomfort of digital rectal exam (32.1%), and fear of cancer diagnosis (29.9%). Mean knowledge score of 21 points increased from 13.27±3.51 to 14.95±4.14 (p<.001), and prostate-specific antigen screening from 22.1% to 62.8%. Men without high school diploma recorded the lowest post-intervention PCa knowledge and screening rate (47.7%), suggestive of the need for more than a single education session. Annual physicals with free prostate examination can maintain the positive trend observed.

Polymorphisms in CYP17 and CYP3A4 and prostate cancer in men of African descent.

BACKGROUND: A meta and pooled analysis of published and unpublished case-control studies was performed to evaluate the association of CYP17 (rs743572) and CYP3A4 (rs2740574) polymorphisms and prostate cancer (PCa) in men from the USA, Caribbean, and Africa. METHODS: Eight publications (seven studies) and two unpublished studies for CYP17 included 1,580 subjects (559 cases and 1,021 controls) and eleven publications and three unpublished studies for CYP3A4 included 3,400 subjects (1,429 cases and 1,971 controls). RESULTS: Overall, the CYP17 heterozygous and homozygous variants were not associated with PCa, but they confer a 60% increased risk of PCa in a sub-group analysis restricted to African-American men (T/C + C/C, OR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.1-2.4). No associations were observed for CYP3A4, overall and in stratified analyses for African-Americans and Africans. The pooled analysis suggests that after adjusting for study, age, PSA, and family history of PCa, CYP17 was associated with PCa for men of African ancestry (Adjusted OR: 3.5, 95% CI: 1.2-10.0). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that genetic factors involved in the androgen pathway play a role in PCa risk among men of African ancestry.

A community-driven intervention for prostate cancer screening in African Americans.

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of an educational intervention on prostate cancer screening behavior and knowledge. Participants were 104 African American men, 45 years and older, who had not been screened for prostate cancer with a prostate-specific antigen and/or digital rectal exam within the past year. All participants received an intervention delivered by trained lay community educators using a prostate cancer educational brochure developed in collaboration with the community, with structured interviews preintervention and 3 months postintervention. The main study outcomes included prostate-specific antigen screening rates during the 3-month interval and knowledge, barriers to screenings, and decisional conflict around screening. Compared with the 46 men who did not get screened, the 58 participants who got screened were more likely to have greater than a high school education, annual household incomes ≥$25,000, and a family history of non-prostate cancer (p < .05). Average knowledge scores increased, and barriers to screening scores decreased, from preintervention to postintervention only for participants who had been screened (p < .05). The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of an academic institution collaborating with the African American community to develop a successful prostate cancer educational intervention, an approach that can be expanded to other cancers and other chronic diseases.

8q24 risk alleles in West African and Caribbean men.

BACKGROUND: Multiple genetic studies have confirmed associations of 8q24 variants with susceptibility to prostate cancer (CaP). However, the magnitude of risk conferred in men living in West Africa is unknown. METHODS: Here we determine the prevalence of 8q24 risk alleles and test for association with CaP risk alleles in West African (WA) descent populations from rural Nigeria, Cameroon, and the Caribbean island of Jamaica. Ten 8q24 SNPs were genotyped in histologically confirmed CaP cases (n = 308) and clinically evaluated controls (n = 469). In addition, unrelated individuals from Sierra Leone (n = 380) were genotyped for comparison of allele frequency comparisons. RESULTS: SNPs rs6983561, rs7008482, and rs16901979 were significantly associated with CaP risk in WAs (P < 0.03). No associations with CaP were observed in our Caribbean samples. Risk alleles for rs6983267, rs7008482, and rs7000448 were highly prevalent (>84%) in West Africa. We also reveal that the A-risk allele for the 'African-specific' SNP bd11934905 was not observed in 1,886 chromosomes from three WA ethnic groups suggesting that this allele may not be common across West Africa, but is geographically restricted to specific ethnic group(s). CONCLUSIONS: We provide evidence of association of 8q24 SNPs with prostate cancer risk in men from Nigeria and Cameroon. Our study is the first to reveal genetic risk due to 8q24 variants (in particular, region 2) with CaP within two WA countries. Most importantly, in light of the disparate burden of CaP in African-Americans, our findings support the need for larger genetic studies in WA descent populations to validate and discern function of susceptibility loci in the 8q24 region.

Multi-institutional prostate cancer study of genetic susceptibility in populations of African descent.

Prostate cancer disparities have been reported in men of African descent who show the highest incidence, mortality, compared with other ethnic groups. Few studies have explored the genetic and environmental factors for prostate cancer in men of African ancestry. The glutathione-S-transferases family conjugates carcinogens before their excretion and is expressed in prostate tissue. This study addressed the role of GSTM1 and GSTT1 deletions on prostate cancer risk in populations of African descent. This multi-institutional case-control study gathered data from the Genetic Susceptibility to Environmental Carcinogens (GSEC) database, the African-Caribbean Cancer Consortium (AC3) and Men of African Descent and Carcinoma of the Prostate Consortium (MADCaP). The analysis included 10 studies (1715 cases and 2363 controls), five in African-Americans, three in African-Caribbean and two in African men. Both the GSTM1 and the GSTT1 deletions showed significant inverse associations with prostate cancer [odds ratio (OR): 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83-0.97 and OR 0.88, 95% CI: 0.82-0.96, respectively]. The association was restricted to Caribbean and African populations. A significant positive association was observed between GSTM1 deletion and prostate cancer in smokers in African-American studies (OR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.01-1.56), whereas a reduced risk was observed in never-smokers (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46-0.95). The risk of prostate cancer increased across quartiles of pack-years among subjects carrying the deletion of GSTM1 but not among subjects carrying a functional GSTM1. Gene-environment interaction between smoking and GSTM1 may be involved in the etiology of prostate cancer in populations of African descent.

Factors influencing prostate cancer screening in low-income African Americans in Tennessee.

This study examined demographic and lifestyle factors that influenced decisions to get screened for prostate cancer in low-income African Americans in three urban Tennessee cities. It also examined obstacles to getting screened. As part of the Meharry Community Networks Program (CNP) needs assessment, a 123-item community survey was administered to assess demographic characteristics, health care access and utilization, and screening practices for various cancers in low-income African Americans. For this study, only African American men 45 years and older (n=293) were selected from the Meharry CNP community survey database. Participants from Nashville, those who were older, obese, and who had health insurance were more likely to have been screened (p<.05). Additionally, there were associations between obstacles to screening (such as cost and transportation) and geographic region (p<.05). Educational interventions aimed at improving prostate cancer knowledge and screening rates should incorporate information about obstacles to and predictors of screening.

The association of plasma fatty acids with prostate cancer risk in African Americans and Africans.

Higher risk for prostate cancer (PCa) among African Americans is partly associated with exposure to dietary fatty-acids, the carcinogenic effects of which remain controversial. Odds ratio of PCa risk was determined by unconditional logistic regression comparing highest with lowest quartiles of plasma fatty-acids in a case-control design. Mean age for 173 African Americans and 340 Nigerians was 56.9 +/- 9.8 and 60.1 +/- 14.0, p<.006, median (25th, 75th percentile) plasma fatty-acid was 2598 (2306, 3035) microg/ml and 2420 (2064, 2795) microg/ml, p<.001, with 48 (27.7%) and 66 (19.4%) PCa cases, respectively. African Americans recorded higher total, omega-6, and trans, but lower saturated and omega-3 fatty-acids, with non-significant PCa risk association for total, omega-6 and trans fatty acids. Positive PCa risk trend was observed in both populations with nervonic, erucic, and arachidonic acids, with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) among African Americans, and with behenic and stearic acids in Nigerians. Non-significant negative PCa risk trend was observed with ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in Nigerians only. These preliminary findings need to be further explored in a larger study that will include risk analysis of fatty-acid ratios to clarify their combined impact on PCa risk.

The association of plasma fatty acids with prostate cancer risk in Nigerians.

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of fatty acids (FAs) in prostate cancer (PCa) risk in Nigeria, a country in transition to westernized diet high in animal fats, and currently experiencing rising rates of prostate cancer. METHODS: Men > or =40 years were recruited from surgery/urology clinics, University of Benin Teaching Hospital and from 2 rural and 2 urban communities. Personal information, urological symptom history and anthropometrics were recorded, digital rectal examination performed, and 30 mLs of fasting blood collected for prostatic specific antigen and fatty acid (FA) analysis. Odds ratio (OR) of PCa risk was determined by unconditional logistic regression with the plasma FA 1st quartile as reference, controlling for age, education, waist-to-hip ratio, and family history. RESULTS: Mean ages for 66 (22.6%) cases and 226 (77.4%) controls were 71.9+/-11.47 and 56.7+/-12.69 years, P<.001, and median (25th, 75th percentile) fasting plasma FA were 2,447 (2,087, 3,024) and 2,373 (2,014, 2,751) microg/mL, respectively. PCa risk trend was observed for total omega-6 FA, adjusted ORQ3vs.Q1 2.33 (95% CI, 0.77-7.07), P<0.05. Unadjusted ORQ4vs.Q1 for behenic and nervonic acids were 2.79 (95% CI, 1.27-6.10) and 2.40 (95% CI, 1.19-4.85), and unadjusted ORQ2vs.Q1 for erucic and arachidonic acids were 4.20 (95% CI, 1.79-9.82) and 3.81 (95% CI, 1.50-9.70) respectively. Unadjusted ORQ2vs.Q1 for omega-3 FAs eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosapentaenoic (DPA) were 0.39 (95% CI, 0.18-0.85) and 0.79 (95% CI, 0.35-1.79) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this population with high total plasma omega-3, we observed modest positive PCa risk trend with total plasma omega-6 (2.3), inverse risk reduction with EPA (0.4), and strong positive risk associations with behenic (2.8), erucic (4.2), and nervonic (2.4) acids. Total plasma omega-6 is highest in the educated high-income group. These findings should be confirmed in a larger study because of the potential serious implication of dietary transition particularly in a region designated as low-incidence for PCa.

Radical prostatectomy and quality of life among African Americans.

Prostate-specific antigen screening has led to an increase in the number of men who present with localized prostate cancer. Patients must engage in decision-making regarding treatment, which is influenced by several factors including patient age at diagnosis, tumor stage, and co-morbidities. Among those patients who decide to undergo potentially curative treatment, quality of life is extremely important. However, quality of life among men with prostate cancer has not been studied extensively compared to other sites. The proposed study addressed the quality of life in 100 African American men who underwent radical prostatectomy. The men had a mean age of 63.7 +/- 7.5 and mean age at diagnosis of 59.7 +/- 6.9 years. The most common problems or symptoms were erection failure (84.7%), urinary incontinence and frequency (63.3%), pain 54.1%, and fatigue 53.1%. Problems with either sleep or appetite were recorded by 39.8%, and psychological problems related to sadness, worry, nervousness, or feeling of loneliness were reported by 32.6%. Problems most often reported by patients as being moderate to severe in intensity were sex life (67.3%), sexual dysfunction (55.7%), erection (50.0%), and urination frequency (40.8%). These data present patient perception of adverse quality of life outcomes after prostatectomy and underscore the importance of considering both their short- and long-term expectations of treatment options.

Effects of obesity and height on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and percentage of free PSA levels among African-American and Caucasian men.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies suggest that obese men have lower prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels than leaner men. Caucasian (CA) men also may have lower PSA levels than African-American (AA) men, but the relevance of body size to racial disparities in PSA levels is unclear. The association between body mass index (BMI) and height on PSA and percentage of free PSA (%fPSA) was investigated within AA and CA men without a prior prostate cancer diagnosis. METHODS: AA (n = 150) and CA (n = 149) men of similar socioeconomic status completed an extensive in-person interview and donated blood. PSA and %fPSA levels were compared across race, BMI, and height categories after adjusting for age and other factors. RESULTS: PSA levels decreased with increasing BMI (PSA = .72, .69, .67, .59 ng/mL for BMI 18.5 to <25, 25 to <30, 30 to <35, and > or =35, respectively; P(trend) = .18), and trends were significant among men less than age 60 years (PSA = .81, .76, .66, .59, respectively; P(trend) = .02). fPSA also significantly decreased with BMI among men <60 years (P(trend) = .04). In contrast, %fPSA was not associated with BMI. However, %fPSA increased 27% across height categories (P(trend) = .02). PSA levels were significantly lower among CA men (PSA(AA) = 0.87, PSA(CA) = 0.63 ng/mL; P < .01), whereas %fPSA levels did not differ by race. Also, associations between body size and PSA or %fPSA did not significantly differ by race, and adjustment for BMI and height had no effect on the racial disparity in PSA (PSA(AA) = 0.87, PSA(CA) = 0.63 ng/mL; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: The data suggest that race, BMI, and height are independently associated with PSA and %fPSA levels.

Obesity and prostate cancer screening among African-American and Caucasian men.

BACKGROUND: Differential prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing practices according to obesity-related comorbid conditions may contribute to inconsistent results in studies of obesity and prostate cancer. We investigated the relationship between obesity and PSA testing, and evaluated the role of prior diagnoses and disease screening on PSA testing patterns. METHODS: Men, 40 and 79 years old and without prior prostate cancer were recruited from 25 health centers in the Southern US (n = 11,558, 85% African-American). An extensive in-person interview measured medical and other characteristics of study participants, including PSA test histories, weight, height, demographics, and disease history. Odds ratios (OR) and (95% confidence intervals) from logistic regression summarized the body mass index (BMI) and PSA test association while adjusting for socio-economic status (SES). RESULTS: BMI between 25 and 40 was significantly associated with recent PSA testing (past 12 months) (OR(25.0-29.9) = 1.23 (1.09, 1.39); OR(30-34.9) = 1.36 (1.18, 1.57); OR(35.0-39.9) = 1.44 (1.18, 1.76); OR(> or =40) = 1.15 (0.87, 1.51)). Prior severe disease diagnoses, such as heart disease, did not influence the obesity and PSA test association. However, adjustment for prior high blood pressure or high cholesterol diagnoses reduced the BMI-PSA testing associations. Physician PSA test recommendations were not associated with BMI, and results did not appreciably vary by race. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight and obese men were preferentially PSA tested within the past 12 months. BMI was not associated with physician screening recommendations. Data suggest that clinical diagnoses related to obesity increase clinical encounters that lead to preferential selection of obese men for prostate cancer diagnosis. This detection effect may bias epidemiologic investigations of obesity and prostate cancer incidence.

Roots of prostate cancer in African-American men.

To fully understand the role of genetics and environment (biotic, abiotic and sociocultural) in the prostate cancer disparity experienced by African-American men, this paper examined the rates of prostate cancer among African-American men and one of their ancestral populations in west Africa. Data sources were from the World Health Organization (WHO) and reported hospital records in the literature. Based on the WHO's worldwide cancer data, west African men have much lower prostate cancer incidence and mortality compared to African-American men. For example, compared to Nigerian men, African-American men are >10 times likely to develop prostate cancer and 3.5 times likely to die from the disease. However, contrary to the global ranking by WHO, there is documented evidence in the literature indicating that prostate cancer in at least one west African country is similar to rates found in the United States and in Caribbean Islands. To better address prostate cancer disparity, future studies should study populations and subgroups from central and west Africa, the original source population for African Americans.

Prostate cancer screening between low-income African-American and Caucasian men.

OBJECTIVE: African-Americans (AA) are more likely than Caucasians (CA) to be diagnosed with advanced prostate cancer, perhaps due to delayed detection. We investigated racial differences in prostate cancer screening according to age and socioeconomic and demographic indices in a large and predominantly low-income population. METHODS: In-person interviews were conducted with 12,552 men, 84% AA, recruited during 2002 through 2004 from 25 community health centers in the southern United States. Prostate specific antigen test (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) histories, and socioeconomic and demographic indices (i.e., education, household income, health insurance, and marital status) were determined. Odds ratios (OR) from logistic regression summarized the screening and race association as a function of age, while controlling for socioeconomic status (SES). RESULTS: Racial differences in screening prevalence varied with age. Of men older than 65 years, CA were significantly more likely to report a PSA test (OR = 1.4) or DRE (OR = 1.5) within the past 12 months. However, these disparities were reduced with control for SES (PSA: OR =1.2; DRE: OR = 1.3, P > 0.05). In contrast, at ages younger than 65, CA were equally or less likely to have received a recent PSA test or DRE, particularly at ages 45-49 years (PSA: OR = 0.7; DRE: OR = 0.9), with little change after SES adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with several screening recommendations, younger AA men, especially those younger than age 50, are more likely than CA to have had a recent PSA test or DRE, independent of SES. Of men older than age 65, less frequent use of screening among AA than CA seems partly attributable to SES and factors other than race.