Outcome of HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia in hospitalized patients from 2000 through 2003.

BACKGROUND: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected persons. Epidemiology of PCP in the recent era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is not well known and the impact of HAART on outcome of PCP has been debated. AIM: To determine the epidemiology of PCP in HIV-infected patients and examine the impact of HAART on PCP outcome. METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 262 patients diagnosed with PCP between January 2000 and December 2003 at a county hospital at an academic medical center. Death while in the hospital was the main outcome measure. Multivariate modeling was performed to determine predictors of mortality. RESULTS: Overall hospital mortality was 11.6%. Mortality in patients requiring intensive care was 29.0%. The need for mechanical ventilation, development of a pneumothorax, and low serum albumin were independent predictors of increased mortality. One hundred and seven patients received HAART before hospitalization and 16 patients were started on HAART while in the hospital. HAART use either before or during hospitalization was not associated with mortality. CONCLUSION: Overall hospital mortality and mortality predictors are similar to those reported earlier in the HAART era. PCP diagnoses in HAART users likely represented failing HAART regimens or non-compliance with HAART.

Epidemiology of Pneumocystis colonization in families.

Whether Pneumocystis colonization is transmitted in families with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected members is unknown. Using nested polymerase chain reaction of oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal samples, we detected colonization in 11.4% of HIV-infected adults and in 3.3% of their children, but there was no evidence of clustering.