Ciliopathy with special emphasis on kartageners syndrome.

Cilia are hair-like structures extending from the cell membrane, perform diverse biological functions. Primary defects in the structure and function of sensory and motile cilia result in multiple ciliopathies. The most prominent genetic abnormality involving motile cilia is primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or Kartageners syndrome. PCD is a rare, usually autosomal recessive, genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by sino-pulmonary disease, laterality defects and male infertility. One of the important components of cilia is the Dynein. Ciliary ultrastructural defects are identified in approximately 90% of PCD patients and involve the outer dynein arms, inner dynein arms, or both. Diagnosing PCD is challenging and requires a compatible clinical phenotype together with tests such as ciliary ultrastructural analysis, immunofluorescent staining, ciliary beat assessment, and/or nasal nitric oxide measurements. Increased understanding of the pathogenesis will aid in better diagnosis and treatment of PCD. The aim of the article is to present the basic defect involved in the etiology of this interesting syndrome.

Role of stem cells in treatment of neurological disorder.

Stem cells or mother or queen of all cells are pleuropotent and have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types in the body. Serving as a sort of repair system for the body, they can theoretically divide without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal is alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the potential to either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood cell, or a brain cell. Stem cells differ from other kinds of cells in the body. All stem cells regardless of their source have three general properties:They are unspecialized; one of the fundamental properties of a stem cell is that it does not have any tissue-specific structures that allow it to perform specialized functions.They can give rise to specialized cell types. These unspecialized stem cells can give rise to specialized cells, including heart muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells.They are capable of dividing and renewing themselves for long periods. Unlike muscle cells, blood cells, or nerve cells -- which do not normally replicate themselves - stem cells may replicate many times. A starting population of stem cells that proliferates for many months in the laboratory can yield millions of cells. Today, donated organs and tissues are often used to replace those that are diseased or destroyed. Unfortunately, the number of people needing a transplant far exceeds the number of organs available for transplantation. Pleuropotent stem cells offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues to treat a myriad of diseases, conditions, and disabilities including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, spinal cord injury, stroke, Cerebral palsy, Battens disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, restoration of vision and other neuro degenerative diseases as well.

Changes in the Normal Cellular Architecture in the Prostatic Tissue with the Increasing age.

The frequency of the prostate disorders has been on the increase and disorders such as prostatitis, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and Prostatic Cancer have been on the rise. This study involved 60 cases which were further subdivided into various age groups. Study was based on the microscopic examination of prostatic tissue with individual tissues of different age groups. The microscopic examination of prostatic tissue of different age groups showed that the prostate tissue in contrast to other organs shows hyperplasia instead of atrophy and that as the age increases there is more proliferation of fibro- musculo glandular tissue producing increase in the size of prostate which manifests itself in the form of Benign Hyperplasia of Prostate. In certain Unfortunate conditions there is profound increase in the glandular element progressing to latent carcinoma of prostate and then to full fledged Carcinoma. A need for urgent readressal to the patient's complaints as well as the importance of biopsy and histopathological examination of the tissue is important in the management of the problem. The histopathological examination can aid the physician/Surgeon to give the exact details about the possibility of cure, Effective therapy, and staging and most importantly the prognosis of the patients' condition. In conclusion, there is change in the normal cellular architecture with the increasing age in the prostatic tissue.

Bilateral Duplication of Renal Vessels: Anatomical, Medical and Surgical perspective.

A sound knowledge of variations of blood vessels is important during operative, diagnostic and endovascular procedures in the abdomen. Knowledge of the variations in the renal arteries is important for urologists, radiologists and surgeons in general. The objective of the case report is to bring awareness to clinicians about the variations in the blood supply of the kidney. This report may also be useful to clinicians performing invasive techniques and vascular surgeries and in cases of trauma.