A Psychometric Analysis of the Patterns of Adapted Learning Scales (PALS) with a Group Psychotherapy Patient Sample: A Measure of Motivation.

Previous research has examined the role of clients' goal orientation, or the motives one uses to achieve specific tasks or goals in individual therapy highlighting the importance of clients' goal orientation within a therapeutic context. Constructing and validating a measure of clients' achievement goal orientation in group psychotherapy is needed to allow for additional methodologically sound research to examine the role of achievement goal orientation in the process and outcome of group psychotherapy. Data from 99 adult group members across 23 interpersonal process groups were used to investigate the psychometric properties of the Patterns of Adapted Learning Scales-Group Psychotherapy Version (PALS-GP), including internal reliability, structural validity, and concurrent and criterion-related validity. The PALS-GP scores revealed an overall good internal consistency (α = .76-.86) and yielded a robust three-factor structure. Evidence of concurrent and predictive validity was also demonstrated with a measure of group alliance and client improvement, respectively. The PALS-GP appears to be a promising instrument for measuring goal orientation with a clinical population participating in group therapy.

Women's Experiences Navigating Paid Work and Caregiving During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many women lost their jobs or chose to leave the workforce because of increased caregiving demands. Of women who remained employed, many faced increased complexity in negotiating their roles as employees and caregivers. On the basis of existing theory and research on the impact of women's caregiving responsibilities on their careers, we developed a model of the relationships among women's caregiving hours for children and adults, work-family and family-work conflict, perceived social support, and career satisfaction during the pandemic. We collected data from 475 university staff members and tested our model using a path analysis. Results suggested that caregiving hours for children directly influenced work-family and family-work conflict and that social support partially mediated the relationship between family-work conflict and career satisfaction. We discuss how counselors might best work with women who are navigating multiple life roles during a period of family, community, and global challenges.