Subject(s)
Animal Welfare , Legislation, Veterinary , Animals , Animals, Genetically Modified , Humans , Legislation, Drug , Netherlands , Politics , Veterinary DrugsSubject(s)
Swine Diseases/diagnosis , Veterinarians/organization & administration , Veterinary Medicine/standards , Animal Welfare , Animals , Clinical Competence , Consumer Product Safety , Female , Humans , Male , Meat/standards , Netherlands , Swine , Swine Diseases/prevention & control , Veterinarians/standardsSubject(s)
Cattle Diseases/prevention & control , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/prevention & control , Vaccination/veterinary , Animal Welfare , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/immunology , Cattle Diseases/mortality , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Ethics , Europe , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/immunology , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/mortality , Vaccination/economicsSubject(s)
Animal Husbandry/trends , Meat Products , Veterinarians , Animal Welfare , Animals , Cattle , Humans , Meat Products/standards , Safety , Veterinarians/trendsSubject(s)
Retirement , Veterinarians , Animals , Dogs , Female , Human-Animal Bond , Humans , Surgery, VeterinarySubject(s)
Vaccination/veterinary , Animals , Animals, Domestic , Vaccination/economics , Vaccination/trendsABSTRACT
We report data on intelligence and on possibly associated psychopathology in 16 children and adolescents, between 7 and 18 years of age, with congenital or juvenile myotonic dystrophy. We found that all the subjects have an intelligence level below the population mean, four of them in the mentally retarded range. An unexpected number of subjects are in the clinical range on the Child Behavior Checklist. In nine of the 16 subjects, a child psychiatric diagnosis was found using a standardized psychiatric interview. The most frequent child psychiatric diagnosis was Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Subject(s)
Cognition/physiology , Myotonic Dystrophy/congenital , Myotonic Dystrophy/psychology , Adolescent , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/physiopathology , Behavior/physiology , Child , Child Behavior/physiology , Child Behavior/psychology , Child Development , Child, Preschool , Cloning, Molecular , Emotions/physiology , Female , Humans , Intellectual Disability/diagnosis , Intellectual Disability/physiopathology , Intelligence/physiology , Male , Myotonic Dystrophy/pathology , Repetitive Sequences, Nucleic Acid/geneticsABSTRACT
Nine girls, with a 50% risk to be carrier of the FMR-1 gene and who attended normal school and did not have a mentally retarded fraX relative, were selected to exclude influences of external factors. These subjects were submitted to an extensive neurocognitive and psychiatric evaluation before molecular analysis of their FMR-1 status was done to obtain completely unbiased results. The findings of this study suggest that differentiation according to the FMR-1 status may be more significant at the neurocognitive level than at the behavioral level and support the hypothesis that behavioral problems are more influenced by external factors than by the FMR-1 carrier state.
Subject(s)
Fragile X Syndrome/genetics , Fragile X Syndrome/psychology , Heterozygote , Intelligence , Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics , RNA-Binding Proteins , Trinucleotide Repeats , Adolescent , Adult , Child , DNA Methylation , Female , Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein , Humans , Memory , Mosaicism , Mutation , Parents , Psychological Tests , Risk Assessment , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
We present the natural history of a female child with Costello syndrome from birth to the present age of 12 years. The diagnostic clinical signs combined with a true postnatal growth retardation are illustrated.
