Distribution of SET/I2PP2A protein in gastrointestinal tissues.

SET (also called I2PP2A and TIF-1) is a multi-functional protein that regulates a variety of cell signaling including nucleosome assembly, histone binding, and tumorigenesis. Elevated SET protein levels are observed in various human tumors, and are correlated with poor prognosis and drug-resistance. We recently reported that SET protein levels in cancer cells were positively correlated with poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Using immunohistochemistry, SET protein was observed not only in cancer cells, but also in some interstitial cells. However, the tissue distribution of SET has not been investigated. Here we performed co-immunofluorescent staining to characterize SET protein distribution in gastrointestinal tissues. We found that even though the positive rate is much lower than epithelial cells, SET protein is also expressed in non-epithelial cells, such as monocytes/macrophages, neural cells, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells. Our results indicate an extensive role of SET in a variety of cell types.

Hedgehog Signals Mediate Anti-Cancer Drug Resistance in Three-Dimensional Primary Colorectal Cancer Organoid Culture.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer death worldwide. In patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, combination treatment with several anti-cancer drugs is employed and improves overall survival in some patients. Nevertheless, most patients with metastatic disease are not cured owing to the drug resistance. Cancer stem cells are known to regulate resistance to chemotherapy. In the previous study, we established a novel three-dimensional organoid culture model from tumor colorectal tissues of human patients using an air-liquid interface (ALI) method, which contained numerous cancer stem cells and showed resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and Irinotecan. Here, we investigate which inhibitor for stem cell-related signal improves the sensitivity for anti-cancer drug treatment in tumor ALI organoids. Treatment with Hedgehog signal inhibitors (AY9944, GANT61) decreases the cell viability of organoids compared with Notch (YO-01027, DAPT) and Wnt (WAV939, Wnt-C59) signal inhibitors. Combination treatment of AY9944 or GANT61 with 5-FU, Irinotecan or Oxaliplatin decreases the cell viability of tumor organoids compared with each anti-cancer drug alone treatment. Treatment with AY9944 or GANT61 inhibits expression of stem cell markers c-Myc, CD44 and Nanog, likely through the decrease of their transcription factor, GLI-1 expression. Combination treatment of AY9944 or GANT61 with 5-FU or Irinotecan also prevents colony formation of colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW480. These findings suggest that Hedgehog signals mediate anti-cancer drug resistance in colorectal tumor patient-derived ALI organoids and that the inhibitors are useful as a combinational therapeutic strategy against colorectal cancer.

Preparation of Human Primary Colon Tissue-Derived Organoid Using Air Liquid Interface Culture.

In vitro analysis of intestinal epithelium has been hindered by a lack of suitable culture systems useful for gastrointestinal research. To overcome the problem, an air liquid interface (ALI) method using a collagen gel was established to culture three-dimensional primary cells containing both primary epithelial and mesenchymal components from mouse gastrointestinal tissues. ALI organoids accurately recapitulate organ structures, multilineage differentiation, and physiology. Since ALI organoids from human tissues have not been produced, we modified the previous protocol for mouse ALI organoid culture to establish the culture system of ALI organoids from normal and tumor colorectal tissues of human patients. The current unit presents a protocol for preparation of the ALI organoid culture from normal and tumor colorectal tissues of human patients. ALI organoid culture from human tissues might be useful for examining not only resistance to chemotherapy in a tumor microenvironment but also toxic effects on organoids. © 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Establishment of a dog primary prostate cancer organoid using the urine cancer stem cells.

Dog spontaneously develop prostate cancer (PC) like humans. Because most dogs with PC have a poor prognosis, they could be used as a translational model for advanced PC in humans. Stem cell-derived 3-D organoid culture could recapitulate organ structures and physiology. Using patient tissues, a human PC organoid culture system was established. Recent study has shown that urine cells also possess the characteristic of stem cells. However, urine cell-derived PC organoids have never been produced. Therefore, we generated PC organoids using the dog urine samples. Urine organoids were successfully generated from each dog with PC. Each organoid showed cystic structures and resembled the epithelial structures of original tissues. Expression of an epithelial cell marker, E-cadherin, and a myofibloblast marker, α-SMA, was observed in the urine organoids. The organoids also expressed a basal cell marker, CK5, and a luminal cell marker, CK8. CD49f-sorted basal cell organoids rapidly grew compared with CD24-sorted luminal cell organoids. The population of CD44-positive cells was the highest in both organoids and the original urine cells. Tumors were successfully formed with the injection of the organoids into immunodeficient mice. Treatment with a microtubule inhibitor, docetaxel, but not a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, piroxicam, and an mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, decreased the cell viability of organoids. Treatment with a Hedgehog signal inhibitor, GANT61, increased the radiosensitivity in the organoids. These findings revealed that PC organoids using urine might become a useful tool for investigating the mechanisms of the pathogenesis and treatment of PC in dogs.

Establishment of a Novel Model for Anticancer Drug Resistance in Three-Dimensional Primary Culture of Tumor Microenvironment.

Tumor microenvironment has been implicated in tumor development and progression. As a three-dimensional tumor microenvironment model, air liquid interface (ALI) organoid culture from oncogene transgenic mouse gastrointestinal tissues was recently produced. However, ALI organoid culture system from tissues of colorectal cancer patients has not been established. Here, we developed an ALI organoid model from normal and tumor colorectal tissues of human patients. Both organoids were successfully generated and showed cystic structures containing an epithelial layer and surrounding mesenchymal stromal cells. Structures of tumor organoids closely resembled primary tumor epithelium. Expression of an epithelial cell marker, E-cadherin, a goblet cell marker, MUC2, and a fibroblast marker, vimentin, but not a myofibroblast marker, α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), was observed in normal organoids. Expression of E-cadherin, MUC2, vimentin, and α-SMA was observed in tumor organoids. Expression of a cancer stem cell marker, LGR5 in tumor organoids, was higher than that in primary tumor tissues. Tumor organoids were more resistant to toxicity of 5-fluorouracil and Irinotecan than colorectal cancer cell lines, SW480, SW620, and HCT116. These findings indicate that ALI organoid culture from colorectal cancer patients may become a novel model that is useful for examining resistance to chemotherapy in tumor microenvironment.