ABSTRACT
Oncogenic K-ras is one of the most common genetic alterations in human lung adenocarcinomas. In addition, inactivation of clusters of tumor suppressor genes is required to bring about classical characteristics of cancer including angiogenesis as a prelude to invasion and metastasis. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) 1 is a tumor suppressor gene that is implicated in lung cancer progression. Although in vitro studies have shown that TGF-beta1 and Ras pathways cooperate during tumorigenesis, the biology of interaction of TGF-beta1 and Ras has not been studied in in vivo tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that inactivation of TGF-beta1 in addition to oncogeneic activation of K-ras would lead to early initiation and faster progression to lung adenocarcinoma and invasion and metastasis. Heterozygous (HT) TGF-beta1 mice were mated with latent activatable (LA) mutated K-ras mice to generate TGF-beta1(+/+), K-ras LA (wild-type (WT)/LA) and TGF-beta1(+/-), K-ras LA (HT/LA) mice. Both HT/LA and WT/LA mice developed spontaneous lung tumors, but HT/LA mice progressed to adenocarcinomas significantly earlier compared with WT/LA mice. In addition, WT/LA adenocarcinomas had significantly higher angiogenic activity compared with HT/LA adenocarcinomas. Thus, while oncogenic K-ras mutation and insensitivity to the growth regulatory effects of TGF-beta1 is essential for initiation and progression of mouse lung tumors to adenocarcinoma, a full gene dosage of TGF-beta1 is required for tumor-induced angiogenesis and invasive potential. This study identifies a number of genes not previously associated with lung cancer that are involved in tumor induction and progression. In addition, we provide evidence that progression to invasive angiogenic lesions requires TGF-beta1 responsiveness in addition to Ras mutation.
Subject(s)
Adenocarcinoma/metabolism , Genes, ras/physiology , Lung Neoplasms/metabolism , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/physiology , Adenocarcinoma/blood supply , Adenocarcinoma/genetics , Animals , Disease Progression , Heterozygote , Lung Neoplasms/blood supply , Lung Neoplasms/genetics , Mice , Mice, Inbred C57BL , Mice, Mutant Strains , Mutation , Neovascularization, Pathologic , Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis , Transforming Growth Factor beta1/geneticsABSTRACT
Most murine lung tumors are composed of differentiated epithelial cells. We have reported previously that surfactant protein (SP)-D is expressed in urethane-induced tumors. Serum levels of SP-D are increased in patients with interstitial lung disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome and in rats with acute lung injury but have not been measured in mice. In this study, we sought to determine whether SP-D could be detected in murine serum and discovered that it was increased in mice bearing lung tumors. Serum SP-D concentration was 5.0 +/- 0.2 ng/ml in normal C57BL/6 mice, essentially absent in SP-D nulls, and 63.6 +/- 9.0 ng/ml in SP-D-overexpressing mice. SP-D in serum was verified by immunoblotting. Serum SP-D was increased in mice bearing tumors induced by three different protocols, and the SP-D level correlated with tumor volume. However, in mice with a single adenoma or a few adenomas, SP-D levels were usually within the normal range. SP-D was expressed by the tumor cells, and there was also a field effect whereby type II cells near the tumor expressed more SP-D than type II cells in the remainder of the lung. Serum SP-D was also increased by lung inflammation. In airway inflammation induced by aerosolized ovalbumin in sensitized BALB/c mice, the serum levels were elevated after challenge. In conclusion, serum SP-D concentration is increased in mice bearing lung tumors and generally reflects the tumor burden but is also elevated during lung inflammation.
