Novel genes in Human Asthma Based on a Mouse Model of Allergic Airway Inflammation and Human Investigations.

PURPOSE: Based on a previous gene expression study in a mouse model of asthma, we selected 60 candidate genes and investigated their possible roles in human asthma. METHODS: In these candidate genes, 90 SNPs were genotyped using MassARRAY technology from 311 asthmatic children and 360 healthy controls of the Hungarian (Caucasian) population. Moreover, gene expression levels were measured by RT PCR in the induced sputum of 13 asthmatics and 10 control individuals. t-tests, chi-square tests, and logistic regression were carried out in order to assess associations of SNP frequency and expression level with asthma. Permutation tests were performed to account for multiple hypothesis testing. RESULTS: The frequency of 4 SNPs in 2 genes differed significantly between asthmatic and control subjects: SNPs rs2240572, rs2240571, rs3735222 in gene SCIN, and rs32588 in gene PPARGC1B. Carriers of the minor alleles had reduced risk of asthma with an odds ratio of 0.64 (0.51-0.80; P=7×10(-5)) in SCIN and 0.56 (0.42-0.76; P=1.2×10(-4)) in PPARGC1B. The expression levels of SCIN, PPARGC1B and ITLN1 genes were significantly lower in the sputum of asthmatics. CONCLUSIONS: Three potentially novel asthma-associated genes were identified based on mouse experiments and human studies.

Elevated complement factor H levels in asthmatic sputa.

BACKGROUND: The alternative pathway of the complement system is known to play a role in the generation of asthmatic airway inflammation, but its regulatory complement protein, factor H has not been investigated in this disease. PURPOSE: Our aim was to determine the local bronchial complement factor H (CFH) levels in asthma, and to investigate its relationship with complement activation, systemic CFH concentrations and clinical characteristics of patients. METHODS: Induced sputum and plasma were collected from 21 healthy and 26 asthmatic subjects, and complement factor H and SC5b-9 concentrations were assessed by ELISA. Total protein concentrations were determined by biuret-reaction based microassay system from induced sputa. RESULTS: CFH was detectable in 81 % of healthy and 100 % of asthmatic subjects, while SC5b-9 exceeded the detection limit in 62 % of healthy subjects and 85 % of asthmatic patients. Sputum CFH concentrations and CFH/protein ratios were increased in samples from asthmatic patients, and correlated with loss of lung function, asthma control, severity and medication intensity, but not with plasma CFH concentrations. Sputum CFH/protein ratios were in positive correlation also with sputum eosinophilic cell counts in asthma. SC5b-9 concentrations were not higher in the asthmatic sputa, although they correlated with sputum CFH concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: CFH level is elevated on asthmatic airway surface, and may be associated with uncontrolled inflammation in asthma.

Asthma endophenotypes and polymorphisms in the histamine receptor HRH4 gene.

BACKGROUND: Histamine as an inflammatory mediator plays an important role in chronic allergic and asthmatic conditions. However, the role of genetic polymorphisms of the histamine receptor HRH4 (histamine receptor H4) gene in asthma susceptibility and endophenotypes has not been studied yet. Our aim was to investigate the possible association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HRH4 gene and asthma or some endophenotypes of asthma. METHODS: Twenty-one SNPs of the HRH4 gene were genotyped in 313 asthmatic patients and 360 controls using Sequenom® iPLEX® Gold Genotyping Technology. RESULTS: Genotype distribution of three HRH4 SNPs, namely rs17187619 [p = 0.002; odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, CI) = 2.4 (4.1-1.4)], rs527790 [p = 0.0002; OR (95% CI) = 3.3 (6.1-1.8)] and rs487202 [p = 0.00007; OR (95% CI) = 3.5 (6.6-1.9)] differed significantly between patients with or without infection-induced asthma. Haplotypes, which included the rs4800573-rs527790 CC allele combination, were found to be associated with infection-induced asthma [p = 0.0009, OR (95% CI) = 0.5 (0.4-0.8)]. The rs487202-rs574913 CA haplotype was more frequent among patients with infection-induced asthma [p = 0.0006, OR (95% CI) = 1.9 (1.3-2.6)]. None of the SNPs contributed directly to the risk of asthma. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that genetic variation in the HRH4 gene might influence the pathogenesis of infection-induced asthma.

Evaluation of a partial genome screening of two asthma susceptibility regions using bayesian network based bayesian multilevel analysis of relevance.

Genetic studies indicate high number of potential factors related to asthma. Based on earlier linkage analyses we selected the 11q13 and 14q22 asthma susceptibility regions, for which we designed a partial genome screening study using 145 SNPs in 1201 individuals (436 asthmatic children and 765 controls). The results were evaluated with traditional frequentist methods and we applied a new statistical method, called bayesian network based bayesian multilevel analysis of relevance (BN-BMLA). This method uses bayesian network representation to provide detailed characterization of the relevance of factors, such as joint significance, the type of dependency, and multi-target aspects. We estimated posteriors for these relations within the bayesian statistical framework, in order to estimate the posteriors whether a variable is directly relevant or its association is only mediated.With frequentist methods one SNP (rs3751464 in the FRMD6 gene) provided evidence for an association with asthma (OR = 1.43(1.2-1.8); p = 3×10(-4)). The possible role of the FRMD6 gene in asthma was also confirmed in an animal model and human asthmatics.In the BN-BMLA analysis altogether 5 SNPs in 4 genes were found relevant in connection with asthma phenotype: PRPF19 on chromosome 11, and FRMD6, PTGER2 and PTGDR on chromosome 14. In a subsequent step a partial dataset containing rhinitis and further clinical parameters was used, which allowed the analysis of relevance of SNPs for asthma and multiple targets. These analyses suggested that SNPs in the AHNAK and MS4A2 genes were indirectly associated with asthma. This paper indicates that BN-BMLA explores the relevant factors more comprehensively than traditional statistical methods and extends the scope of strong relevance based methods to include partial relevance, global characterization of relevance and multi-target relevance.

Implication of BIRC5 in asthma pathogenesis.

In the last few years, it has been recognized that the unbalanced regulation of survival and apoptosis of bronchial inflammatory cells is a key component in the development of asthma. Baculoviral IAP repeat containing 5 (BIRC5) (also known as survivin) is an important anti-apoptotic protein that has been implicated in many cancer types, and recent studies provide evidence for its role in controlling inflammatory disorders as well. Our aim was to investigate at both genetic and transcriptional levels if BIRC5 has an impact on asthma development. We found that induced sputum samples of patients with bronchial asthma contained elevated levels of BIRC5 mRNA compared with healthy subjects and its level was in correlation with sputum eosinophil percentages. Furthermore, in a case-control study examining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the BIRC5 regulatory regions, the minor alleles of rs8073903 and rs8073069 were found to be significantly associated with asthma and especially non-allergic asthma phenotypes, which associations were more prominent among women. Two marker haplotype analyses further strengthen the impact of these two polymorphisms on both asthma and non-allergic asthma. In the female cohort, rs1508147 was also significantly associated with increased risk of non-allergic asthma. Additionally, with linear regression analysis, we showed that rs9904341 was significantly correlated with both absolute and relative serum eosinophil levels. In conclusion, our results suggest that possibly by inhibition of the eosinophil apoptosis, BIRC5 might be an important regulator of the asthmatic processes and we provide some evidence that its effect might be affected by SNPs located in the gene regulatory regions.

ABCC1 polymorphisms in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

Anthracyclines are potent cytostatic drugs, the correct dosage being critical to avoid possible cardiac side effects. ABCC1 [ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C, member 1; also denoted as MRP1 (multidrug resistance-associated protein 1)] is expressed in the heart and takes part in the detoxification and protection of cells from the toxic effects of xenobiotics, including anthracyclines. Our objective was to search for associations between LV (left ventricular) function and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the ABCC1 gene in children receiving anthracycline chemotherapy. Data of 235 paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was analysed. Patients were followed-up by echocardiography (median follow-up 6.3 years). Nine polymorphisms in the ABCC1 gene were genotyped. The ABCC1 rs3743527TT genotype and rs3743527TT­rs246221TC/TT genotype combination were associated with lower LVFS (left ventricular fractional shortening) after chemotherapy. The results suggest that genetic variants in the ABCC1 gene influence anthracycline-induced LV dysfunction.

Relationship between air pollution, NFE2L2 gene polymorphisms and childhood asthma in a Hungarian population.

Air pollution and subsequent increased oxidative stress have long been recognized as contributing factors for asthma phenotypes. Individual susceptibility to oxidative stress is determined by genetic variations of the antioxidant defence system. In this study, we analysed the association between environmental nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) exposure and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in NFE2L2 and KEAP1 genes and their common impact on asthma risk. We genotyped 12 SNPs in a case-control study of 307 patients diagnosed with asthma and 344 controls. NO(2) concentration was collected from the period preceding the development of asthma symptoms. Multiple logistic regression was applied to evaluate the effects of the studied genetic variations on asthma outcomes in interaction with NO(2) exposure. Our data showed that genotypes of rs2588882 and rs6721961 in the regulatory regions of the NFE2L2 gene were inversely associated with infection-induced asthma (odds ratio (OR) = 0.290, p = 0.0015, and OR = 0.437, p = 0.007, respectively). Furthermore, case-only analyses revealed significant differences for these SNPs between asthma patients that lived in modestly or highly polluted environment (OR = 0.43 (0.23-0.82), p = 0.01, and OR = 0.51, p = 0.02, respectively, in a dominant model). In conclusion, our results throw some new light upon the impact of NFE2L2 polymorphisms on infection-induced asthma risk and their effect in gene-environment interactions.

Gene expression profiling of experimental asthma reveals a possible role of paraoxonase-1 in the disease.

In this study, we aimed to identify novel genes involved in experimental and human asthma, importance of which has not yet been recognized. In an ovalbumin-induced murine model of asthma, we applied microarray gene expression analysis at different time points after allergen challenges. Advanced statistical methods were used to relate gene expression changes to cellular processes and to integrate our results into multiple levels of information available in public databases. At 4 h after the first allergen challenge, gene expression pattern reflected mainly an acute, but non-atopic, inflammatory response and strong chemotactic activity. At 24 h after the third allergen challenge, gene set enrichment analysis revealed significant over-representation of gene sets corresponding to T(h)2-type inflammation models. Among the top down-regulated transcripts, an anti-oxidant enzyme, paraoxonase-1 (PON1), was identified. In human asthmatic patients, we found that serum PON1 activity was reduced at exacerbation, but increased parallel with improving asthma symptoms. PON1 gene polymorphisms did not influence the susceptibility to the disease. Our observations suggest that an altered PON1 activity might be involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, and serum PON1 level might be used for following up the effect of therapy.

Association of some rare haplotypes and genotype combinations in the MDR1 gene with childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.

To investigate their possible roles in disease susceptibility and some disease characteristics we genotyped C3435T and G2677T/A polymorphisms in multidrug resistance-1 (MDR1) gene with a single base extension method and the G34A and C421A polymorphisms of the breast cancer resistance protein gene with an allelic discrimination system in 396 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and 192 control patients. While the distribution of individual alleles and genotypes did not differ between patients and controls, there were significant differences in the frequencies of some rare haplotypes and genotype combinations in the MDR1 gene between the two groups.

Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection status is dependent on the subtypes of asthma and allergy.

This study was undertaken to investigate the association of Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection (CPI) with asthma and allergy. One hundred forty-one patients with asthma aged 3-21 years, 125 healthy controls aged 3-21 years, and 62 allergic but nonasthmatic patients aged 4-20 years participated in this study. C. pneumoniae-specific antibodies were measured by ELISA. There were no significant differences in the percentage of patients positive for C. pneumoniae-specific antibodies between the three groups. Significantly more allergic asthmatic patients were positive for C. pneumoniae-specific IgA and IgA + IgG than nonallergic asthmatic patients, and this difference remained significant after adjustment for age and gender: adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 5.9 (1.7-26.2) and p = 0.01 for IgA, and OR = 5.2 (1.6-25.8) and p = 0.02 for IgA + IgG. The prevalence of the C. pneumoniae-specific IgA and the IgA + IgG positivity also was significantly lower in the nonallergic asthmatic group than in the allergic and control groups (p < 0.005). No food/drug-allergic patient was positive for C. pneumoniae-specific IgA, whereas 41.6% of the inhalative-allergic patients were positive for this antibody (p = 0.002). In our population CPI does not associate directly with asthma and allergy, but chronic or recurrent infection is associated with allergic asthma and inhalative allergy as opposed to nonallergic asthma and noninhalative allergy.

Involvement of TNFalpha -308A promoter polymorphism in the development of asthma in children infected with Chlamydophila pneumoniae.

Several data indicate a connection between Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and asthma. Although C. pneumoniae is a common cause of infection, not all infected patients develop asthma. This suggests that certain individuals may be genetically predisposed to the chronic effects of C. pneumoniae infection on airway functions. We investigated the possible modifying effect of different polymorphisms on C. pneumoniae infection and on the susceptibility to asthma in 318 children, among those 144 had asthma and 174 had no asthmatic symptoms. C. pneumoniae-specific antibodies were measured by ELISA. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) genotypes were determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). There were no significant differences in the percentage of children positive for C. pneumoniae-specific antibodies between cases and controls. None of the genotypes was associated with altered susceptibility to C. pneumoniae infection. Among asthmatic children carrying the TNFalpha -308A allele, there were significantly more patients positive for C. pneumoniae-specific IgG, than among control children carrying the same allele (20.1% versus 9.2% of asthmatic versus control children, respectively; p = 0.002; odds ratio = 3.52 (1.52-7.53); p = 0.005). This study indicates the possible roles of polymorphisms in the immune system in the susceptibility to asthma in children infected with C. pneumoniae.