Exploring the diverse role of pyruvate kinase M2 in cancer: Navigating beyond glycolysis and the Warburg effect.

Pyruvate Kinase M2, a key enzyme in glycolysis, has garnered significant attention in cancer research due to its pivotal role in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells. Originally identified for its association with the Warburg effect, PKM2 has emerged as a multifaceted player in cancer biology. The functioning of PKM2 is intricately regulated at multiple levels, including controlling the gene expression via various transcription factors and non-coding RNAs, as well as adding post-translational modifications that confer distinct functions to the protein. Here, we explore the diverse functions of PKM2, encompassing newly emerging roles in non-glycolytic metabolic regulation, immunomodulation, inflammation, DNA repair and mRNA processing, beyond its canonical role in glycolysis. The ever-expanding list of its functions has recently grown to include roles in subcellular compartments such as the mitochondria and extracellular milieu as well, all of which make PKM2 an attractive drug target in the pursuit of therapeutics for cancer.

Structural and mechanistic insights into ALS patient derived mutations in D-amino acid oxidase.

The D-amino acid oxidase protein modulates neurotransmission by controlling the levels of D-serine, a co-agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Mutations in the DAO gene have been associated with ALS, with some studies reporting pathogenic mechanisms of the R199W mutation. We have characterized two novel mutations R38H and Q201R found in ALS patients and report certain novel findings related to the R199W mutation. We report the first instance of crystal structure analysis of a patient-derived mutant of DAO, R38H, solved at 2.10 Å. The structure revealed significant perturbations and altered binding with the cofactor (FAD) and the inhibitor benzoate, supported by biochemical assays. Q201R-DAO also exhibited significantly lower ligand binding efficiency. Furthermore, kinetic analysis across all variants revealed reduced oxidase activity and substrate binding. Notably, R38H-DAO exhibited near-WT activity only at high substrate concentrations, while R199W-DAO and Q201R-DAO displayed drastic activity reduction. Additionally, structural perturbations were inferred for R199W-DAO and Q201R-DAO, evident by the higher oligomeric state in the holoenzyme form. We also observed thermal instability in case of R199W-DAO mutant. We hypothesize that the mutant enzymes may be rendered non-functional in a cellular context, potentially leading to NMDAR-associated excitotoxicity. The study provides novel insights into structural and functional aspects of DAO mutations in ALS.

Screening and evaluation of approved drugs as inhibitors of main protease of SARS-CoV-2.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a global catastrophe. The virus requires main protease for processing the viral polyproteins PP1A and PP1AB translated from the viral RNA. In search of a quick, safe and successful therapeutic agent; we screened various clinically approved drugs for the in-vitro inhibitory effect on 3CLPro which may be able to halt virus replication. The methods used includes protease activity assay, fluorescence quenching, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), Thermofluor® Assay, Size exclusion chromatography and in-silico docking studies. We found that Teicoplanin as most effective drug with IC50 ~ 1.5 µM. Additionally, through fluorescence quenching Stern-Volmer quenching constant (KSV) for Teicoplanin was estimated as 2.5 × 105 L·mol-1, which suggests a relatively high affinity between Teicoplanin and 3CLPro protease. The SPR shows good interaction between Teicoplanin and 3CLPro with KD ~ 1.6 µM. Our results provide critical insights into the mechanism of action of Teicoplanin as a potential therapeutic against COVID-19. We found that Teicoplanin is about 10-20 fold more potent in inhibiting protease activity than other drugs in use, such as lopinavir, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, azithromycin, atazanavir etc. Therefore, Teicoplanin emerged as the best inhibitor among all drug molecules we screened against 3CLPro of SARS-CoV-2.

Evaluation of medicinal herbs as a potential therapeutic option against SARS-CoV-2 targeting its main protease.

The COVID-19 disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has emerged as a worldwide pandemic and caused huge damage to the lives and economy of more than hundred countries. As on May 10, 2020, more than 4,153,300 people stand infected from the virus due to an unprecedented rate of transmission and 282,700 have lost their lives because of the disease. In this context, medicinal plants may provide a way to treat the disease by targeting specific essential proteins of the virus. We screened about 51 medicinal plants and found that Tea (Camellia sinensis) and Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) has potential against SARS-COV-2 3CLpro , with an IC50 for Green Tea as 8.9 ± 0.5 µg/ml and Haritaki 8.8 ± 0.5 µg/ml. The in-silico studies suggested that Tea component Thearubigins binds to the cysteine 145 of protease active site and could be a pharmacoactive molecule. We predict that the inhibition in protease activity may be able to halt the SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle and therefore, we propose Green Tea, Black Tea, and Haritaki plant extracts as potential therapeutic candidates for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further investigation on role of bioactive constituents of extracts is needed to establish the molecular basis of inhibition and towards expedited drug discovery.