ABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Aqueous autolysate from the snake Eryx miliaris (SNA) has been used in traditional medicine of Uzbekistan as anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory agent. However, little is known about the chemical composition and its mechanisms of activity. AIM OF THE STUDY: This is our first attempt to analyse the composition of snake autolysate using gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and to investigate the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory and hyaluronidase activity of fingerprinted E. miliaris autolysate to support their use in the traditional Uzbek medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aqueous autolysate was evaporated and derivatised for GC-MS analysis of metabolites. For quantification, lipids were extracted from autolysate by solvent extraction and derivatised by esterification and silylation. Biological activity was evaluated with lipid peroxidation, cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition and antihyaluronidase activity tests. RESULTS: GC-MS analysis of SNA enabled the identification of 27 compounds. Short chain fatty acids (SCFA, 21%), amino acid/derivatives 39% (incl. 2-piperidinone 19%), phenyl (7%), and OH-Phenyl (10%) derivatives covered 77%. Other derivatives (9%) included succinic acid and 3-indole acetic acid). Long chain fatty acids (C16-C18) accounted for 3%. The lipid concentration of SNA was 1.2 mg/mL (0.12%). Three concentration levels (1.0-20.0 µg/mL) did not inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 in vitro and malondialdehyde level was not decreased by SNA in lipid peroxidation model. However, SNA was a potent inhibitor of the hyaluronidase enzyme activity in a dose dependent manner with IC50 = 0.086 mL/mL. CONCLUSION: The results from GC-MS analyses of SNA lead us to the identification of a wide range of major chemical structures of the metabolites and their derivatives with several categories. Pharmacological studies support the traditional use of SNA and show one of its possible mechanisms of activity via inhibition of hyaluronidase.
Subject(s)
Autolysis , Metabolome , Snakes , Animals , Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry , Cyclooxygenase 1/chemistry , Cyclooxygenase 2/chemistry , Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/chemistry , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Hyaluronoglucosaminidase/chemistry , Medicine, Traditional , UzbekistanABSTRACT
Nanosizing is an advanced formulation approach to address the issues of poor aqueous solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients. Here we present a procedure to prepare a nanoparticulate formulation with the objective to enhance dissolution kinetics of taxifolin dihydrate, a naturally occurring flavonoid with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective activities. Polyvinylpirrolidone was selected as a carrier and the solid nanodispersions of varying compositions were prepared by a co-precipitation technique followed by lyophilization. The formulation technology reported herein resulted in aggregate-free, spherical particles with the mean size of about 150 nm, as observed by scanning electron microscopy and measured by photon correlation spectroscopy. Furthermore, the co-precipitation process caused taxifolin dihydrate to convert into an amorphous form as verified by X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, hot stage microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Finally, in vitro dissolution behavior of the nanodispersion of taxifolin was shown to be superior to that of either pure drug or a drug-polymer physical mixture, reaching 90% of taxifolin released after 30 min. Such enhanced drug release kinetics from the nanodispersion was attributed to both the reduced particle size and the loss of crystallinity.
Subject(s)
Drug Carriers/pharmacokinetics , Nanoparticles , Nanotechnology/methods , Quercetin/analogs & derivatives , Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods , Chemistry, Pharmaceutical , Drug Carriers/chemistry , Freeze Drying , Molecular Structure , Particle Size , Povidone/chemistry , Quercetin/chemistry , Quercetin/pharmacokineticsABSTRACT
Two chromatographic methods, high-performance TLC (HPTLC) and HPLC, were developed and used for separation and quantitative determination of chlorogenic acid in green coffee bean extracts. For HPTLC silica gel Kieselgel 60 F 254 plates with ethyl acetate/dichlormethane/formic acid/acetic acid/water (100:25:10:10:11, v/v/v/v/v) as mobile phase were used. Densitometric determination of chlorogenic acid by HPTLC was performed at 330 nm. A gradient RP HPLC method was carried out at 330 nm. All necessary validation tests for both methods were developed for their comparison. There were no statistically significant differences between HPLC and HPTLC for quantitative determination of chlorogenic acid according to the test of equality of the means.
