ABSTRACT
A silver amplification immunochromatography (SAI) kit for the detection of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV)-FMDV-Ag SAI-was developed using the monoclonal antibody 1H5 recognizing the highly conserved N terminus region of VP2. The FMDV-Ag SAI can be used under conditions of high biosecurity containment as it does not require any apparatus. The FMDV-Ag SAI exhibited 10-100 times higher sensitivity against the five serotypes (O, A, Asia1, C, and SAT1) and similar sensitivity against SAT2 and SAT3, compared with the Svanodip® FMDV-Ag kit immunochromatography kit. The Svanodip kit showed inhibitory results with several saliva samples but not with the FMDV-Ag SAI kit. In a validation study using clinical samples (nâ¯=â¯132; vesicular epitheliumâ¯=â¯92, vesicular lesion swabsâ¯=â¯20, salivaâ¯=â¯20) in Mongolia, the sensitivity of FMDV-Ag SAI in comparison with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction revealed the following data: vesicular epithelium, 85.4% (76/89); vesicular lesion swab, 46.7% (7/17); and saliva, 36.8% (7/19). No cross-reactivity with the non-FMDV vesicular-forming viruses and taxonomically related viruses of the Picornaviridae family occurred. The FMDV-Ag SAI is a highly sensitive diagnostic tool that enables pen-side diagnosis without requiring the use of any equipment.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Viral/isolation & purification , Chromatography, Affinity/instrumentation , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/isolation & purification , Reagent Kits, Diagnostic , Silver/chemistry , Animals , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/diagnosis , Cell Line , Foot-and-Mouth Disease/diagnosis , Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus/classification , Sensitivity and Specificity , SerogroupABSTRACT
We examined the effect of nobiletin (5,6,7,8,3',4'-hexamethoxyflavone) on immune response in ovalbumin (OVA)-immunized mice. Treatment with nobiletin increased OVA-specific IL-4 and IL-10 production. In addition, mice that received nobiletin showed higher levels of OVA-specific IgE, IgG and IgG1 production than did control mice. The antibody response to the thymus-independent antigen 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-Ficoll was not different in the control and nobiletin groups, suggesting that nobiletin does not directly stimulate antibody production. An in vitro study showed that treatment with nobiletin enhanced the ability of antigen presentation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. The in vivo and in vitro results indicate that nobiletin regulates immune function.
