Prevalence and risk factors associated with peripheral arterial disease in an adult population from Colombia / Prevalencia y factores de riesgo asociados a la enfermedad arterial periférica en una población adulta de Colombia

Abstract Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most important cause of mortality in Latin America, while peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is the third leading cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity. Objective: To establish the prevalence of PAD and the distribution of traditional CVD risk factors in a population from the Department of Cauca, Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 10,000 subjects aged ≥40 years, from 36 municipalities. An ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.9 in either leg was used as diagnostic criterion of PAD. Results: Overall PAD prevalence was 4.4% (4.7% females vs. 4.0% males), with diabetes being the most prevalent risk factor (23%). Among individuals self-reporting a history of acute myocardial infarction or stroke, PAD prevalence was 31.0% and 8.1%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, PAD was significantly associated with hypertension (OR 4.6; 95% CI; 3.42-6.20), diabetes (4.3; 3.17-5.75), dyslipidaemia (3.1; 2.50-3.88), obesity (1.8; 1.37-2.30), and cigarette smoking (1.6; 1.26-1.94). Analysis for the interaction of risk factors showed that diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and obesity accounted for 13.2 times the risk for PAD (6.9-25.4), and when adding hypertension to the model, the risk effect was the highest (17.2; 8.4-35.1). Conclusions: Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and obesity, but not smoking were strong predictors of PAD. ABI measurement should be routinely performed as a screening test in intermediate and high-risk patients for CVD prevention. This could lead to an early intervention and follow-up on populations at risk, thus, contributing to improve strategies for reducing CVD burden. © 2017 Published by Masson Doyma México S.A. on behalf of Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Resumen Antecedentes: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la causa más importante de mortalidad en América Latina, mientras que la enfermedad arterial periférica (EAP) es la tercera causa de morbilidad cardiovascular aterosclerótica. Objetivos: Establecer la prevalencia de la EAP y la distribución de factores de riesgo tradicionales para ECV en una población del departamento del Cauca, Colombia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal en un total de 10,000 sujetos ≥ 40 años de 36 municipios. Un índice tobillo-brazo ≤ 0.9 en cualquiera de las piernas fue utilizado como criterio de diagnóstico para EAP. Resultados: La prevalencia de EAP fue del 4.4% (4.7% en mujeres vs. 4% en hombres), siendo la diabetes el factor de riesgo más prevalente (23%). Entre los individuos con autorreporte de infarto agudo de miocardio y accidente cerebrovascular, la prevalencia de EAP fue del 31% y 8,1%, respectivamente. Después del ajuste por potenciales factores de confusión, la EAP estuvo asociada significativamente con hipertensión (OR: 4.6; IC 95%: 3.42-6.20), diabetes (4.3; 3.17-5.75), dislipidemia (3.1; 2.50-3.88), obesidad (1.8; 1.37-2.30) y consumo de cigarrillo (1.6; 1.26-1.94). El análisis de interacción entre los factores de riesgo mostró que diabetes, dislipidemia y obesidad presentaron 13.2 veces más riesgo para EAP (6.9-25.4), y cuando se agregó hipertensión al modelo, el riesgo fue el más alto (17.2; 8.4-35.1). Conclusiones: La medición del índice tobillo-brazo debe realizarse de forma rutinaria en pacientes con riesgo intermedio/alto como prueba de cribado para la prevención de ECV, permitiendo la intervención temprana y el seguimiento de las poblaciones en situación de riesgo. © 2017 Publicado por Masson Doyma México S.A. en nombre de Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez. Este es un artículo Open Access bajo la licencia CC BY-NC-ND (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Prevalence and risk factors associated with peripheral arterial disease in an adult population from Colombia.

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most important cause of mortality in Latin America, while peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is the third leading cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular morbidity. OBJECTIVE: To establish the prevalence of PAD and the distribution of traditional CVD risk factors in a population from the Department of Cauca, Colombia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a total of 10,000 subjects aged ≥40 years, from 36 municipalities. An ankle-brachial index (ABI) ≤ 0.9 in either leg was used as diagnostic criterion of PAD. RESULTS: Overall PAD prevalence was 4.4% (4.7% females vs. 4.0% males), with diabetes being the most prevalent risk factor (23%). Among individuals self-reporting a history of acute myocardial infarction or stroke, PAD prevalence was 31.0% and 8.1%, respectively. After adjusting for potential confounders, PAD was significantly associated with hypertension (OR 4.6; 95% CI; 3.42-6.20), diabetes (4.3; 3.17-5.75), dyslipidaemia (3.1; 2.50-3.88), obesity (1.8; 1.37-2.30), and cigarette smoking (1.6; 1.26-1.94). Analysis for the interaction of risk factors showed that diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and obesity accounted for 13.2 times the risk for PAD (6.9-25.4), and when adding hypertension to the model, the risk effect was the highest (17.2; 8.4-35.1). CONCLUSIONS: Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and obesity, but not smoking were strong predictors of PAD. ABI measurement should be routinely performed as a screening test in intermediate and high-risk patients for CVD prevention. This could lead to an early intervention and follow-up on populations at risk, thus, contributing to improve strategies for reducing CVD burden.

Novel cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis mutation causes familial early dementia in Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is an infrequent cause of dementia. It is an autosomal recessive disorder with clinical and molecular heterogeneity. OBJECTIVE: To identify the presence of a possible mutation in a Colombian family with several affected siblings and clinical characteristics compatible with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis associated to early dementia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied a series of cases with longitudinal follow-up and genetic analysis. RESULTS: These individuals had xanthomas, mental retardation, psychiatric disorders, behavioral changes, and multiple domains cognitive impairment with dysexecutive dominance that progressed to early dementia. CYP27A1 gene coding region sequencing revealed a novel mutation (c.1183_1184insT). CONCLUSION: The mutation found in this family is responsible for the described dementia features. Early identification of familial history with mental retardation, xanthomas and cognitive impairment might prevent the progression to this treatable type of dementia. Even though this mutation lies in the most frequently mutated codon of CYP27A1 gene, it has not been reported previously.