ABSTRACT
Locust bean gum (E-410) and guar gum (E-412) are high molecular weight galactomannans used by the food industry as versatile food additives. The compounds, although chemically closely related, do not have the same functional properties when used in foods, and the substitution or unadvertised addition of either could change the desired qualities of the product. Analytical discrimination between E-410 and E-412 is technically difficult since they only differ in their galactose: mannose ratios, being 1 : 4 and 1 : 2 for locust bean gum and guar gum, respectively. A qualitative DNA-based method is reported for the authentication of additives E-410 and E-412 in finished food products (ice cream, dehydrated desserts, milk derivatives, dehydrated soups, salad dressing, marmalade and meat) from small quantities of food. DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal spacers of Ceratonia siliqua and Cyamopsis tetragonoloba, the plant sources of E-410 and E-412, respectively, were used to design polymerase chain reaction primers specific for each additive (PA23/PA21 and PG22/PG21). Twenty-two foods were analysed for the presence of E-410 and E-412 additives by this single-step polymerase chain reaction-based method. Positive DNA amplifications with the E-410 and/or E-412 primers were obtained in all 19 samples reported to contain either additive.
Subject(s)
DNA, Plant/analysis , Food Additives/analysis , Food Analysis/methods , Galactans/analysis , Mannans/analysis , Polysaccharides/analysis , Animals , Base Sequence , Cheese/analysis , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/analysis , Genetic Markers , Ice Cream/analysis , Meat/analysis , Milk/chemistry , Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques/methods , Plant Gums , Polymerase Chain Reaction/methodsABSTRACT
La radiografía de tórax con equipo portátil es una de las exploraciones que con mayor frecuencia se realizan a pacientes encamados. Al ser una exploración realizada con radiaciones ionizantes, conviene conocer las medidas de protección que se deben aplicar. La realización de estas exploraciones suele estar dificultada por las condiciones en las que se encuentra el paciente y es preciso tener en cuenta las posibles variaciones en el estudio derivadas de esta circunstancia. La lectura y diagnóstico, como en todo estudio radiológico, debe ser sistemático, siendo necesario distinguir los diferentes elementos que estos pacientes pueden portar, así como la semiología de las posibles patologías que pueden presentarse en el tórax (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Immobilization , Radiography, Thoracic , Intubation , Intensive Care UnitsABSTRACT
Chest radiographs using portable equipment is one most frequently used radiological investigations for bed-ridden patients. As the investigation is carried out using ionising radiation, the protection measures to be applied should be known. These investigations are normally hindered by the patient's condition and it is important to take into account that this circumstance can cause differences in the radiological study. As in all radiological studies, the reading and the diagnosis should be systematic and it is necessary to recognise the different elements that these patients may bare, in addition to the symptomatology of the possible pathologies that may exist in the chest.
