Repercusiones clínicas y económicas de la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad en un servicio de Medicina Interna: estudio de cohortes prospectivas / Clinical and financial implications of disease-related malnutrition in a department of Internal Medicine: prospective cohort study

Introducción. La desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad es un reto en nuestros hospitales. Nuestro objetivo fue valorar la factibilidad e importancia de establecer una estrategia de cribado nutricional en nuestro medio. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio de cohortes prospectivo en un servicio de Medicina Interna durante 3 meses. El cribado nutricional se realizó al ingreso y se repitió semanalmente mediante la herramienta Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. Se analizaron los datos clínicos, la estancia media y los gastos. Resultados. Se incluyeron 330 pacientes (53,9% varones), con una edad media de 77,8 años; la estancia mediana fue de 7 días, y el índice de comorbilidad de Charlson de 5,4. La herramienta Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool detectó al ingreso un 26,9% de pacientes con riesgo de desnutrición. Un 18% de pacientes con buen estado nutricional desarrollaron desnutrición durante la hospitalización. Los pacientes con desnutrición grave inicial presentaron una estancia mediana mayor. Los pacientes cuya situación nutricional empeoró durante el ingreso tuvieron una estancia significativamente mayor (2,5 días) con respecto a los que no empeoró. Además, ocasionaron un sobrecoste de 767 € por ingreso (35% superior), lo que implica un exceso de gastos relacionados con la desnutrición de 646.419,93 € anuales en el servicio estudiado. La adecuada codificación implicó un incremento en el peso medio de 2,11 a 2,81, lo que supondría 82.568,52€, que no se habrían cuantificado previamente. Conclusión. La alta prevalencia y repercusiones clínicas y económicas de la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad en los pacientes ingresados en Medicina Interna hacen recomendable establecer protocolos para su detección precoz y tratamiento (AU)

Background. Disease-related malnutrition is a challenge for Spanish hospitals. Our objective was to assess the feasibility and importance of establishing a nutritional screening strategy in our community. Patients and methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted in a department of internal medicine for 3 months. The nutritional screening was conducted at admission and was repeated weekly using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. We analysed the clinical data, mean stay and expenses. Results. The study included 330 patients (53.9% men), with a mean age of 77.8 years. The mean stay was 7 days, and the Charlson comorbidity index was 5.4. At admission, the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool detected 26.9% of patients with a risk of malnutrition. Eighteen percent of the patients with a good nutritional state developed malnutrition during the hospitalisation. The patients with initially severe malnutrition had a longer mean stay. The patients whose nutritional state worsened during the hospitalisation had a significantly longer stay (2.5 days) compared with those whose state did not worsen. These cases of malnutrition caused a cost overrun of Euros 767 per hospitalisation (35% greater), which entailed a malnutrition-related excess expenditure of €646,419.93 annually in the studied department. The appropriate coding resulted in an increase in mean weight from 2.11 to 2.81, which represented €82,568.52 and has not been previously quantified. Conclusion. The high prevalence and clinical and financial implications of Disease-related malnutrition in patients hospitalised in internal medicine warrants establishing protocols for its early detection and treatment (AU)

Clinical and financial implications of disease-related malnutrition in a department of Internal Medicine: prospective cohort study. / Repercusiones clínicas y económicas de la desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad en un servicio de Medicina Interna: estudio de cohortes prospectivas.

BACKGROUND: Disease-related malnutrition is a challenge for Spanish hospitals. Our objective was to assess the feasibility and importance of establishing a nutritional screening strategy in our community. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective cohort study was conducted in a department of internal medicine for 3 months. The nutritional screening was conducted at admission and was repeated weekly using the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. We analysed the clinical data, mean stay and expenses. RESULTS: The study included 330 patients (53.9% men), with a mean age of 77.8 years. The mean stay was 7 days, and the Charlson comorbidity index was 5.4. At admission, the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool detected 26.9% of patients with a risk of malnutrition. Eighteen percent of the patients with a good nutritional state developed malnutrition during the hospitalisation. The patients with initially severe malnutrition had a longer mean stay. The patients whose nutritional state worsened during the hospitalisation had a significantly longer stay (2.5 days) compared with those whose state did not worsen. These cases of malnutrition caused a cost overrun of €767 per hospitalisation (35% greater), which entailed a malnutrition-related excess expenditure of €646,419.93 annually in the studied department. The appropriate coding resulted in an increase in mean weight from 2.11 to 2.81, which represented €82,568.52 and has not been previously quantified. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence and clinical and financial implications of Disease-related malnutrition in patients hospitalised in internal medicine warrants establishing protocols for its early detection and treatment.

Accuracy of ultrasound elastography in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer in a low-risk population.

OBJECTIVE: Stiffness has been associated to malignancy in prostate and breast, as well as thyroid. Ultrasound elastography objectively measures tissue elasticity, and previous studies have described it as a high sensitivity and specificity technique for the detection of malignant thyroid nodules in high-risk populations. The aim was to assess the accuracy of elastography in a population with low risk of malignancy. DESIGN AND PATIENTS: 128 consecutive patients with nodular goiter were recruited. Elastography and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration were performed. When malignancy was suspected by citology, surgery was recommended. Thyroid nodules were classified by elastography according the criteria described by Ueno, and an alternative classification. Sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and odds ratio were calculated. RESULTS: Most patients were female, aged 56.1 year, with single nodule (52.0%) or multinodular goiter (45.6%), and a few thyroiditis (2.4%). The majority of nodules were mostly elastic. Fine-needle aspiration found 86% of benign nodules, 9.3% of indeterminate, and 4.7% possibly malignant. After surgery, 3 malignant nodules were confirmed, all of them being papillary carcinomas. All the malignant nodules were mostly elastic, as well as 75% of indeterminate nodules. Low values of sensitivity and specificity were found for elastic nodules being benign and hard nodules malignant. CONCLUSION: In a low-risk population for thyroid cancer, elastography lacks accuracy for the diagnosis of malignant nodules.

[Impact of nutritional treatment in the evolution of inflammatory bowel disease]. / Impacto de la nutrición en la evolución de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal.

Inflammatory bowel disease is an entity with not wellknown pathogenesis, and important nutritional and metabolic implications because of the high prevalence of malnutrition, the possible implication of dietary factors in its pathogenesis and because of the hypothesis that nutritional intervention could be a primary treatment for the disease. Some nutrients could induce a low antigenic stimuli, regulate inflammatory and immunological responses and stimulate intestinal mucosal trophism. Present available evidence supports enteral nutrition in Crohn's disease as a primary treatment if treatment with steroids is not possible (failure or contraindication) (grade of recommendation A) or either combined treatment with drugs in malnourished patients or those with inflammatory bowel stenosis. In those patients with sustained clinical remission, no benefit of either enteral nutrition or supplements in the absence of nutritional deficits has been shown. Elemental or modified formula (glutamine, omega 3 fatty acids) could not be recommended. In ulcerative colitis, nutritional influence over the activity of the disease has not been shown, although there are some promising results regarding enteric coated W3 fatty acids and a possible role for probiotics. In the treatment and prevention of pouchitis, there could be a role for probiotics (VSL#3). Nutritional treatment should be considered an integral component in the Management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Impacto de la nutrición en la evolución de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal / Impact of nutritional treatment in the evolution of inflammatory bowel disease

La enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal es una entidad de etiopatogenia aún no bien conocida, con importantes implicaciones nutricionales y metabólicas, por la alta prevalencia de malnutrición que conlleva; por la posible implicación de factores dietéticos en su patogenia; y por la hipótesis de que la intervención nutricional pudiera ser un tratamiento primario de la enfermedad. Algunos nutrientes, además de su función exclusivamente nutricional, podrían inducir un bajo estímulo antigénico, regular respuestas inflamatorias e inmunológicas y estimular el trofismo de la mucosa intestinal. La evidencia disponible actual apoya el empleo de nutrición enteral en enfermedad de Crohn como terapia primaria en adultos si el tratamiento con corticoides no es posible (fracaso o contraindicación) (grado de recomendación A) o bien en terapia combinada con fármacos en pacientes malnutridos y estenosis inflamatoria del intestino. En los pacientes en remisión clínica duradera no se ha demostrado beneficio de la nutrición enteral o suplementos en ausencia de déficits nutricionales. No se recomienda el uso de fórmulas elementales ni modificadas (glutamina, ácidos grasos omega 3). En colitis ulcerosa, no se ha demostrado la influencia de la nutrición sobre la actividad de la enfermedad, aunque disponemos de datos prometedores sobre el papel de los ácidos grasos w3 con cubierta entérica y de un posible papel de los probióticos. En el tratamiento y profilaxis de la pouchitis crónica, el empleo de probióticos puede tener un papel (VSL#3). La nutrición debe considerarse un componente integral en el manejo de los pacientes con EII (AU)

Inflammatory bowel disease is an entity with not wellknown pathogenesis, and important nutritional and metabolic implications because of the high prevalence of malnutrition, the possible implication of dietary factors in its pathogenesis and because of the hypothesis that nutritional intervention could be a primary treatment for the disease. Some nutrients could induce a low antigenic stimuli, regulate inflammatory and immunological responses and stimulate intestinal mucosal trophism. Present available evidence supports enteral nutrition in Crohn's disease as a primary treatment if treatment with steroids is not possible (failure or contraindication) (grade of recommendation A) or either combined treatment with drugs in malnourished patients or those with inflammatory bowel stenosis. In those patients with sustained clinical remission, no benefit of either enteral nutrition or supplements in the absence of nutritional deficits has been shown. Elemental or modified formula (glutamine, omega 3 fatty acids) could not be recommended. In ulcerative colitis, nutritional influence over the activity of the disease has not been shown, although there are some promising results regarding enteric coated W3 fatty acids and a possible role for probiotics. In the treatment and prevention of pouchitis, there could be a role for probiotics (VSL#3). Nutritional treatment should be considered an integral component in the Management of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (AU)