ABSTRACT
Los manglares presentan diferentes grados de interacción entre las condiciones oceanográficas, climáticas, geomorfológicas y edáficas. Estas interacciones tienen repercusiones fuertes sobre la condiciones locales de salinidad y disponibilidad de agua y nutrientes a nivel local, y sobre la estructura y composición de los manglares. Con base en el análisis de fotografías aéreas, muestreo en campo y análisis de componentes principales, se analizaron la composición florística y la estructura de los manglares presentes en la Reserva Natural Sanguaré. Se identificaron tres tipos de bosques según la clasificación fisiográfica de manglares. Un manglar de borde dominado por Rhizophora mangle L. en estado juvenil, con bajo desarrollo estructural, y dos tipos de manglar de interior o cuenca dominados por Avicennia germinans (L.) L. El primero de ellos, localizado detrás del manglar de borde, presentó alta salinidad en el suelo y en el agua intersticial, predominancia de sedimentos arenosos, y bajos valores de altura y diámetro a la altura de pecho (DAP) promedio de los árboles. El segundo, con un bajo número de árboles adultos en todas las categorías de diámetro, mayor área basal, bajo potencial de regeneración natural, y altas concentraciones de Fe y Cu en el suelo, probablemente asociado a la contaminación por vertimientos domésticos. La ubicación del primer manglar de interior detrás del manglar de borde revela la zonación típica descrita para muchos manglares del mundo. La composición florística, la estructura y la distribución de los manglares en la Reserva Sanguaré son el resultado de la interacción de variables ambientales locales como la salinidad y la textura del suelo, además de la intervención antrópica previa al establecimiento de la reserva y la actual presencia humana muy cerca de los manglares.
Mangroves have different degrees of interaction between oceanographic, climatic, geomorphological and soil conditions. Those interactions have strong impacts on local salinity conditions and availability of water and nutrients at local level, and on mangrove structure and composition. Based on the analysis of aerial photographs, field sampling and statistical multivariate analysis, floristic composition and structure of the mangroves present in the Sanguaré Natural Reserve were analyzed. Three types of forests were identified according to the physiographic classification of mangroves. A fridge mangrove dominated by Rhizophora mangle L. in a juvenile state, with low structural development, and two types of inland or basin mangroves dominated by Avicennia germinans (L.) L. The first of them, located behind the fridge mangrove, showed high salinity in the soil and in the interstitial water, predominance of sandy sediments, and low values of height and diameter at breast height (DBH) average of the trees. The second, with a low number of adult trees in all diameter categories, high basal area, low natural regeneration potential, and high concentrations of Fe and Cu in the soil, probably associated with contamination by domestic spills. The location of the first inner mangrove behind the fridge mangrove reveals the typical zonation of many mangroves in the world. The floristic composition, structure and distribution of the mangroves in the Sanguaré Reserve are the result of the interaction of local environmental variables such as salinity and soil texture, as well as the anthropic intervention prior to the establishment of the reserve and the current human presence being very close to the mangroves.
ABSTRACT
The natural regeneration process allows the mangrove forests remain over time. Both, biological and physical factors can affect the establishment and early stages along the development of trees. This study examined the response of natural regeneration of mangroves in the Turbo River delta and El Uno bay (Urabá Gulf, Colombia) to intra-annual environmental variability. We quantified mortality, survival and recruitment of seedlings of three mangrove species, seasonally during one year, in 72 semi-permanent sub-plots of 1 m2. In the sub-plots, the total height and the diameter at the base of the stem of all mangrove seedlings with basal diameter less than 2.5cm were measured. Damage by herbivores was also recorded to each seedling. While Laguncularia racemosa recorded the highest rates of mortality, Rhizophora mangle showed the highest survival rate during the study period, although Avicennia germinans dominated the natural regeneration. Through a Redundancy Analysis these processes were associated to environmental variables such as: Direct Site Factor-DSF (sunlight), sediments input rate, herbivory, distances from mangroves to the river, to inner lakes, and to the coastline. These variables explained 43% of the natural regeneration variation; sedimentation rate was the most important variable, while light was very representative for the R. mangle survival. Based on historical records of precipitation, Turbo River flow rate and associated sediment loads, it was established that during the highest precipitation peak, the survival of all species decreases and during the dry season, when the conditions of flooding and sediments input were lower, it was improved. The results indicated that the sediments input rates and sunlight play an important role in the survival of natural regeneration of evaluated mangrove species.
