El desafío de la sostenibilidad de los programas ampliados de inmunizaciones

[RESUMEN]. Objetivo. Analizar la sostenibilidad y la integración de los programas prioritarios en el marco de la Estrategia para el acceso universal a la salud y la cobertura universal de salud (Salud Universal) de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud de 2014. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una revisión no sistemática de la bibliografía reciente enfocada al análisis de la integración y la sostenibilidad. Resultados. El principal resultado que se extrae de la bibliografía revisada es la necesidad de abordar la sostenibilidad de tal modo que se superen los límites de cualquier análisis restringido a la sostenibilidad financiera. Aunque la integración y la sostenibilidad no se interpretan de forma homogénea, sobresale un abordaje que contempla la integración como un factor facilitador del proceso de sostenibilidad del PAI. Conclusiones. La efectividad de las estrategias de integración del PAI depende en buena medida de que se consideren la presencia, el fortalecimiento y la transformación de las estructuras organizativas e institucionales que faciliten la participación de los actores con capacidad técnica y política para garantizar sus procesos de implementación. De esta forma, se podrán ponderar los procesos políticos que legitiman una agenda de inclusión del PAI en la Estrategia de salud universal y, por tanto, como parte integrante del fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud.

[ABSTRACT]. Objective. Analyze the sustainability and integration of priority programs in the framework of the Pan American Health Organization’s 2014 Strategy for Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage (Universal Health). Methods. A non-systematic review was carried out of the recent literature focused on analysis of integration and sustainability. Results. The main result extracted from the literature review is the need to address sustainability in a way that goes beyond the limits of any analysis restricted to financial sustainability. Although integration and sustainability are not interpreted uniformly, an approach that includes integration as a facilitating factor of the EPI sustainability process does stand out. Conclusions. Effectiveness of EPI integration strategies depends to a large extent on considering the presence, strengthening, and transformation of organizational and institutional structures that facilitate the participation of actors with the technical and political ability to ensure its implementation processes. Thus, political processes can be weighed that legitimize an agenda to include EPI in the Universal Health strategy and, accordingly, as an integral part of health systems strengthening.

[RESUMO]. Objetivo. Avaliar a sustentabilidade e a integração do Programa ampliado de imunização (PAI) como parte da estratégia de acesso universal à saúde e cobertura universal de saúde da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) de 2014. Métodos. Uma revisão não sistemática da literatura científica recente foi realizada dando enfoque à análise da integração e sustentabilidade do PAI. Resultados. O principal achado é a necessidade de contemplar a sustentabilidade além da análise de sustentabilidade financeira. Embora a integração e a sustentabilidade não sejam interpretadas de forma homogênea na literatura, são destacadas as virtudes de uma abordagem que conceba a integração como um fator facilitador do processo de sustentabilidade do PAI. Conclusões. A efetividade das estratégias de integração do PAI depende em grande parte da existência, fortalecimento e transformação das estruturas organizacionais e institucionais facilitando a participação dos interessados com capacidade técnica e política para garantir os processos de implementação. Desse modo, será possível examinar com atenção os processos políticos que legitimam a agenda de inclusão do PAI na estratégia de saúde universal e, portanto, como parte integrante do fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde.

El desafío de la sostenibilidad de los programas ampliados de inmunizaciones / The challenge of sustainability of expanded programs on immunization / O desafio da sustentabilidade do Programa ampliado de imunização

RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la sostenibilidad y la integración de los programas prioritarios en el marco de la Estrategia para el acceso universal a la salud y la cobertura universal de salud (Salud Universal) de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud de 2014. Métodos Se llevó a cabo una revisión no sistemática de la bibliografía reciente enfocada al análisis de la integración y la sostenibilidad. Resultados El principal resultado que se extrae de la bibliografía revisada es la necesidad de abordar la sostenibilidad de tal modo que se superen los límites de cualquier análisis restringido a la sostenibilidad financiera. Aunque la integración y la sostenibilidad no se interpretan de forma homogénea, sobresale un abordaje que contempla la integración como un factor facilitador del proceso de sostenibilidad del PAI. Conclusiones La efectividad de las estrategias de integración del PAI depende en buena medida de que se consideren la presencia, el fortalecimiento y la transformación de las estructuras organizativas e institucionales que faciliten la participación de los actores con capacidad técnica y política para garantizar sus procesos de implementación. De esta forma, se podrán ponderar los procesos políticos que legitiman una agenda de inclusión del PAI en la Estrategia de salud universal y, por tanto, como parte integrante del fortalecimiento de los sistemas de salud.

ABSTRACT Objective Analyze the sustainability and integration of priority programs in the framework of the Pan American Health Organization's 2014 Strategy for Universal Access to Health and Universal Health Coverage (Universal Health). Methods A non-systematic review was carried out of the recent literature focused on analysis of integration and sustainability. Results The main result extracted from the literature review is the need to address sustainability in a way that goes beyond the limits of any analysis restricted to financial sustainability. Although integration and sustainability are not interpreted uniformly, an approach that includes integration as a facilitating factor of the EPI sustainability process does stand out. Conclusions Effectiveness of EPI integration strategies depends to a large extent on considering the presence, strengthening, and transformation of organizational and institutional structures that facilitate the participation of actors with the technical and political ability to ensure its implementation processes. Thus, political processes can be weighed that legitimize an agenda to include EPI in the Universal Health strategy and, accordingly, as an integral part of health systems strengthening.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a sustentabilidade e a integração do Programa ampliado de imunização (PAI) como parte da estratégia de acesso universal à saúde e cobertura universal de saúde da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) de 2014. Métodos Uma revisão não sistemática da literatura científica recente foi realizada dando enfoque à análise da integração e sustentabilidade do PAI. Resultados O principal achado é a necessidade de contemplar a sustentabilidade além da análise de sustentabilidade financeira. Embora a integração e a sustentabilidade não sejam interpretadas de forma homogênea na literatura, são destacadas as virtudes de uma abordagem que conceba a integração como um fator facilitador do processo de sustentabilidade do PAI. Conclusões A efetividade das estratégias de integração do PAI depende em grande parte da existência, fortalecimento e transformação das estruturas organizacionais e institucionais facilitando a participação dos interessados com capacidade técnica e política para garantir os processos de implementação. Desse modo, será possível examinar com atenção os processos políticos que legitimam a agenda de inclusão do PAI na estratégia de saúde universal e, portanto, como parte integrante do fortalecimento dos sistemas de saúde.

Impact of nutritional status at the onset of elementary school on academic aptitude test achievement at the end of high school in a multicausal approach.

Like in many other countries, few investigations have been carried out in Chile to measure the long-term effects of nutritional status at an early age on scholastic achievement in a multicausal approach. The objectives of the present study were to describe the impact of nutritional, intellectual, family, educational and socio-economic variables at the onset of elementary school in 1987 that may affect achievement on the academic aptitude test (AAT) taken in 1998 at the end of high school, and to quantify the impact of these independent variables on the AAT. The present study comprises two cross-sectional stages: in 1987, a representative sample of 813 elementary school first-grader Chilean children from the Metropolitan Region was randomly chosen; in 1998, 12 years later, 632 school-age children were located and only 351 of them graduated from high school and, from these, 260 students took the AAT. In 1987 nutritional status was assessed through anthropometric parameters, intellectual ability by the Raven's Progressive Matrices Test, scholastic achievement through Spanish language and mathematics tests, and socio-economic status using Graffar's modified scale; family variables were also recorded. Maternal schooling, scholastic achievement, intellectual ability and head circumference-for-age z-score (anthropometric indicator of both nutritional background and brain development) all in 1987 were the independent variables with the greatest explanatory power for AAT variance in 1998 (r2 0.402). These results provide a foundation to identify the risk factors at an early age that affect AAT scores and should be useful to improve nutritional and educational policies.

Head size and intelligence, learning, nutritional status and brain development. Head, IQ, learning, nutrition and brain.

This multifactorial study investigates the interrelationships between head circumference (HC) and intellectual quotient (IQ), learning, nutritional status and brain development in Chilean school-age children graduating from high school, of both sexes and with high and low IQ and socio-economic strata (SES). The sample consisted of 96 right-handed healthy students (mean age 18.0 +/- 0.9 years) born at term. HC was measured both in the children and their parents and was expressed as Z-score (Z-HC). In children, IQ was determined by means of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults-Revised (WAIS-R), scholastic achievement (SA) through the standard Spanish language and mathematics tests and the academic aptitude test (AAT) score, nutritional status was assessed through anthropometric indicators, brain development was determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and SES applying the Graffar modified method. Results showed that microcephalic children (Z-HC < or = 2 S.D.) had significantly lower values mainly for brain volume (BV), parental Z-HC, IQ, SA, AAT, birth length (BL) and a significantly higher incidence of undernutrition in the first year of life compared with their macrocephalic peers (Z-HC > 2S.D.). Multiple regression analysis revealed that BV, parental Z-HC and BL were the independent variables with the greatest explanatory power for child's Z-HC variance (r(2) = 0.727). These findings confirm the hypothesis formulated in this study: (1) independently of age, sex and SES, brain parameters, parental HC and prenatal nutritional indicators are the most important independent variables that determine HC and (2) microcephalic children present multiple disorders not only related to BV but also to IQ, SA and nutritional background.