Primer consenso venezolanode enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico / Venezuelan consensus on gastroesophageal reflux diseases

El Consenso Venezolano de Enfermedad por Reflujo Gastroesófágico (ERGE) se realizó con el objeto de proveer guías para mejorar la identificación, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este trastorno en el país. Los coordinadores establecieron las líneas de consenso, basado en una revisión sistemática de la literatura médica de los últimos 15 años a partir de 1995. Participaron 55 miembros con el aval de sus respectivas cátedras y sociedades locales de gastroenterología. Éstos revisaron y presentaron los temas con sus niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación para discutirlos y votarlos en una reunión plenaria. Tras un informe final de los miembros, los coordinadores prepararon las declaraciones finales. El consenso concluyó que la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico tiene una prevalencia estimada del 11,54% en Venezuela, a predominio del sexo femenino (Grado B). El diagnóstico es fundamentalmente clínico, basado en la presencia de síntomas típicos y/o atípicos, e incluso síntomas de alarma que sugieren alguna complicación (Grado B). La endoscopia es importante en la investigación de la presencia de esofagitis de reflujo y laringitis de reflujo (Grado B). Las otras pruebas diagnósticas como lo son la pHmetría esofágica de 24 horas con o sin impedancia intraluminal multicanal son importantes en los pacientes que no tienen esofagitis, tienen síntomas atípicos o cuando hay falla en la respuesta al tratamiento médico (Grado B). La radiología, manometría esofágica y el ultrasonido endoscópico no están indicados en el diagnóstico de la ERGE (Grado B). El objetivo del tratamiento es reducir la exposición ácida en el esófago y con esto: aliviar los síntomas, cicatrizar las lesiones en la mucosa esofágica, prevenir la recurrencia y las complicaciones. Los inhibidores de bomba de protones deberían ser la primera opción en el tratamiento en el síndrome de ERGE y en la esofagitis por reflujo tanto en la fase aguda como durante el mantenimiento...

The Venezuelan Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Consensus was carried out in order to provide guidelines to improve the identification, diagnosis and treatment of this illness in Venezuela.  The coordinators established the consensuslines, based on a systematic revision of the medical literature of the last 15 years starting from 1995. 55 physicians participated with the support of their respective medical schools and local societies. They revised and presented the topics with their respective evidence levels and recommendation grades to discuss and vote them in a plenary meeting. After a final report of the members, the coordinators prepared the definitive declarations. The consensus concluded that GERD prevalence in Venezuela is 11,54%, higher in women than men (Grade B). The diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the presence of typical and/or atypical symptoms and alarm symptoms that may suggest the presence of complications (Grade B). Endoscopy is important when reflux esophagitis and laryngitis are present (Grade B). Other diagnostic tests as ambulatory 24 hours pH monitoring with or without multichannel intraluminal impedance are important in patients without esophagitis, with atypical symptoms or when there is flaw in the answer to the medical treatment (Grade B). Radiology, esophageal manometry and endoscopic ultrasonography are not indicated in the diagnosis of GERD (Grade B). The objective of the treatment is to reduce the presence of acid in the esophagus and consequently: alleviate the symptoms and heal lesions in the esophagus mucosa to prevent recurrence and complications. Proton pump inhibitors should be the first option drug in the treatment of GERD syndrome andin esophagitis during the acute and the maintenance phase using standard or half dose (Grade A). So far, pokinetics are drugs with a limited use in GERD patients; they stimulate the esophagus/gastric motility...

Hernia diafragmática izquierda: a propósito de un caso en el Centro de Emergencia Infantil Coromoto enero 2008 / Left diaphragmatic hernia: a purpose of a case in Centro Emergencia Infaltil Coromoto january 2008

Es una Patología Neonatal por persistencia del Canal Pleuroperitoneal ó la Agenesia Total o Parcial del Diafragma con introducción de las vísceras abdominales: (estómago, intestino delgado y grueso, incluso bazo, riñón y páncreas) en el tórax, asociado a una hipoplasia pulmonar uni o bilateral. Los síntomas se presentan inmediatamente después del nacimiento con frecuencia requieren maniobras, la dificultad respiratoria es severa y conlleva a la insuficiencia respiratoria con hipoxia, hipercapnea y acidosis severa. Se presenta caso diagnosticado en el Centro de Emergencia Infantil Coromoto. Lactante menor de 5 meses de edad, antecedentes de tos alérgica persistente desde el nacimiento con mejoría parcial por tratamiento vía oral e inhalatoria hasta la edad de 5 meses cuyo síntoma empeoro, se trató como síndrome viral agudo, hasta que se le realiza su primera RX de tórax evidenciándose Hernia Diafragmática izquierda o de Bochdalek, la cual fue corregida Quirúrgicamente con evolución satisfactoria.

[A description of semantic memory performance in a sample of the Antioquian population]. / Descripción del desempeño en memoria semántica en una muestra de la población antioqueña.

INTRODUCTION: Available treatments for Alzheimer disease allow that early diagnosis become an important issue, because treatment only are useful during the earliest stage, especially during the mild cognitive impairment (MCI), when the most of the cognitive function is preserved. AIM: To observe the performance on a shortened version of a Semantic Cue Recall Memory Test (SCRMT) from a group of adult aged over 50 years old, living in Medellin city and with dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The sample was constituted by 30 patients with DAT, 30 with MCI, and 59 healthy controls, which were matched by socio economic strata and school achievement. The SCRMT was administered to the sample. For the analyses two groups of age (50-69 and over 70 years) were conformed. RESULTS: Comparisons statistically significant differences between the groups (p < 0.05). The scores were not significant affected by age. A combination of low scores with the presence of intrusions on the free, immediate cue, and delay cue recalls suggested the diagnosis of DAT, which allow recommending a complete neuropsychological assessment. Statistically significant differences were preserved when the groups were divided by age. The effect of the gender could not determine because the small size of the male sample. CONCLUSION: The shortened version of the SCMRT would appear be useful for the DAT diagnosis.

Descripción del desempeño en memoria semántica en una muestra de la población antioqueña / A description of semantic memory performance in a sample of the antioquian population

Introducción. La existencia de tratamientos para retardar la evolución de la demencia tipo Alzheimer (DTA) hace que la detección temprana sea importante, ya que estos tratamientos son efectivos si se inician cuando la mayoría de las funciones cognitivas aún están preservadas, o en la etapa de deterioro cognitivo leve (DCL). Objetivo. Observar la ejecución en la versión abreviada de la prueba de memoria semántica con clave (MSC), para el diagnóstico de demencias de un grupo de adultos mayores de 50 años del área metropolitana de Medellín. Sujetos y métodos. La muestra estuvo formada por 30 pacientes con DTA, 30 con DCL y 59 controles; se emparejaron por estrato socioeconómico y escolaridad. Se les aplicó la prueba abreviada de MSC, y se formaron dos subgrupos: uno de 50 a 69 años, y otro de 70 años en adelante. Resultados. La comparación de las puntuaciones en la prueba entre los tres grupos arrojó diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05). El desempeño no se modificó con la edad. La combinación de bajas puntuaciones con la presencia de intrusiones en la evocación libre, diferida y con clave sugiere el diagnóstico de DTA, lo que justificaría una evaluación neuropsicológica detallada. Al estratificar la muestra por edad las diferencias continuaron siendo significativas. El efecto del sexo no se pudo observar por el bajo número de participantes de sexo masculino (AU)

Introduction. Available treatments for Alzheimer disease allow that early diagnosis become an important issue, because treatment only are useful during the earliest stage, especially during the mild cognitive impairment (MCI), when the most of the cognitive function is preserved. Aim. To observe the performance on a shortened version of a Semantic Cue Recall Memory Test (SCRMT) from a group of adult aged over 50 years old, living in Medellín city and with dementia of Alzheimer type (DAT). Subjects and methods. The sample was constituted by 30 patients with DAT, 30 with MCI, and 59 healthy controls, which were matched by socio economic strata and school achievement. The SCRMT was administered to the sample. For the analyses two groups of age (50-69 and over 70 years) were conformed. Results. Comparisons statistically significant differences between the groups (p < 0.05). The scores were not significant affected by age. A combination of low scores with the presence of intrusions on the free, immediate cue, and delay cue recalls suggested the diagnosis of DAT, which allow recommending a complete neuropsychological assessment. Statistically significant differences were preserved when the groups were divided by age. The effect of the gender could not determine because the small size of the male sample. Conclusion. The shortened version of the SCMRT would appear be useful for the DAT diagnosis (AU)

[The effectiveness of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the etiological diagnosis of postcholecystectomy syndrome]. / Effectividad de la colangiopancreatografía retrograda endoscopica en el diagnostico etiologico del sindrome post-colecistectomía.

A retrospective study of 249 with symptoms and signs of postcholecystectomy syndrome was made to evaluate the usefulness of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ER CP) in its etiological diagnosis. From 1693 ERCP evaluated, 1108 were checked and from these 249 patients showed symptoms and signs after the cholecystectomy. So they were selected to practice a diagnostic ERCP. 204 patients were females and its principal symptom was jaundice. Lesions found in most of the cases were: stones in the bile ducts (45.78%), benign biliary stenosis (8.3%), stenosis of vater's papilla (7.22%) and biliary fistula (7.22%). It can be conclude that biliary stones is the most frequent pathology in those patients with clinical suspicion of biliary-pancreatic organicity and that ERCP is the principal method of diagnosis in these patients.

[Ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of obstructive jaundice: comparison with endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography]. / Ultrasonido en el diagnóstico diferencial de ictericia obstructiva: comparación con la pancreatocolangiografía retrógada endoscópica.

A retrospective study comparing ultrasound (US) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as practiced on 42 jaundiced patients. Obstruction of the bile ducts was demonstrated in 21 by US and in 33 by ERCP, this latter method was taken as the gold standard for comparison, and thus the sensibility of US for detecting obstructive jaundice was 64% and specificity was 89%. Choledocolithiasis and papillary stenosis were the most frequent etiologies, diagnosed in 26 cases by ERCP and in 14 cases by US. Of the 36 patients with gallbladder, US demonstrated gallstones in 28 cases (78%) and ERCP in 18 (50%). We conclude from this study that US has a high sensibility and specificity in patients in whom obstructive jaundice is suspected.

[Abdominal tuberculosis]. / Tuberculosis abdominal.

20 cases of abdominal tuberculosis (TB) were evaluated; from these, 10% with intestinal TB without peritoneal involvement and 90% presenting TB of peritoneal localization. 80% of the patients showed clinical manifestation in other organs. Pleura-lung alterations were found in 83% of the cases after X-ray chest examination. The diagnosis of abdominal TB was based on finding of caseating tuberculoid granuloma (65%), anti-TB therapeutic response (30%) and positive observation of acid-fast bacillus in sputum (5%). The conclusions from this review are that: 1) Patients with chronic illness, negative cultures and clinical evidence of infectious etiology are highly suspicious; 2) Analysis of pathologic specimens was the most accurate diagnostic method; 3) when abdominal TB is suspected a stepwise methodology must be followed to confirm diagnosis; 4) Anti-TB therapy must be started as soon as diagnosis is confirmed.

[Non-surgical drainage of intra-abdominal abscesses]. / Drenaje no quirúrgico de los abscesos intra-abdominales.

UNLABELLED: Intra-abdominal abscesses were treated by percutaneous needle drainage. Diagnosis was based, in 100% of the cases, on clinical findings, flat abdomen X-rays and ultrasound. 71% had previous abdominal surgery and 17% had abdominal trauma. The abscesses were located as follows: 29% in the liver, 24% in right sub-diaphragmatic area, 41% had several locations and 6% was pyogenic collection in de common biliary duct. The average duration of drainage was 9 days. Fifteen out of the 17 procedures were successful (88%). Predominant germs obtained in cultures of the drained material were E. Coli and P. Aeruginosa. CONCLUSION: the above experience demonstrate that percutaneous drainage in intra-abdominal abscesses is a secure and effective procedure with high rate of success and low of morbidity and mortality. It must be considered as treatment of choice.