Microphase separation in polymer solutions containing surfactants.

A microphase separation in solutions containing a polymer and a mixture of two solvents, one of which consists of amphiphilic molecules (surfactant), is considered theoretically in the weak-segregation regime. A surfactant molecule is described as a dimer consisting of hydrophobic and polar parts. The energy gain due to the orientation of surfactant molecules can lead to the appearance of non-homogeneities in the solution, where density fluctuations cause the orientational ordering of surfactant molecules. The difference in the interaction energies of hydrophobic and polar groups of a surfactant with solvent is considered as a main reason for orienting surfactant molecules. The free energy is calculated for various morphologies (lamellar, cylindrical hexagonal, spherical particles arranged at different cubic lattices). The phase diagrams are presented. With worsening the solvent quality, the transitions from disordered to a macro-separated state at low polymer and surfactant concentrations or to a body-centered-cubic, then hexagonal, and then lamellar structure at high polymer and surfactant concentrations are predicted. The amphiphilicity degree of surfactant molecules should exceed a certain critical value to make a microstructure formation possible. The period of the lamellar microstructure decreases with increasing the surfactant and polymer concentrations.

[Free amino acids in the blood before and after short-term space flight]. / Svobodnye aminokisloty krovi do i posle kratkovremennykh kosmicheskikh poletov.

The amino acid composition of plasma and serum of the crewmembers who performed short-term space flights (of 3 to 14 days) onboard the Salyut-6 orbital station was investigated. Immediately postflight total amino acids remained unchanged while variations in isolated amino acids (tendency toward increased aspartic acid and decreased cysteine in plasma, and increased leucin in serum) were adaptive.