Predicting kidney outcomes among Latin American patients with lupus nephritis: The prognostic value of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy and tubulointerstitial inflammation.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of tubulointerstitial inflammation (TII) and interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) on kidney survival in lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS: Two hundred eighty five patients with biopsy-proven LN were retrospectively studied. Kidney survival was defined as the time from initial biopsy to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), dialysis, or transplant. Kidney survival analysis was performed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the statistical difference between survival curves compared by the log-rank test. Cumulative incidence functions with competing risk of death for kidney survival were also graphed. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression and competing-risk analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of ESKD. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients (20%) progressed to ESKD during a median time of 4.2 (2.0-55.2) months after biopsy. TII was present in 206 (72.3%) biopsies, while IFTA in 99 (34.7%) biopsies. Patients with moderate-to-severe IFTA had worse kidney survival than those with none or mild IFTA in both the Kaplan-Meier (p = 0.018) and the competing-risk analyses (p = 0.017). Patients with class IV ± V LN had worse kidney survival than those with non-class IV LN by the Kaplan-Meier method (p = 0.050), but not in the competing-risk analysis (p = 0.154). Worse kidney survival was also found among those with fibrous crescents than those without, in both the Kaplan-Meier (p = 0.010) and the competing-risk (p = 0.011) analyses. By multivariable Cox regression analysis, older age (HR 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.07) and class IV ± V LN (HR 5.06, 95% CI 1.82-14.09) were associated with higher risk of ESKD after adjusting for sex, ethnicity, TII, and IFTA. By competing-risk analyses, class IV ± V LN (SHR 3.32, 95% CI 1.25-8.83) and no response to immunosuppressive therapy (SHR 4.55, 95% CI 1.54-13.41) were associated with a higher risk of ESKD, while eGFR >90 mL/min/1.73 m2 (SHR 0.98 for each ml/min/1.73 m2, 95% 0.97-0.99) with a lower risk. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with moderate-to-severe IFTA had worse kidney survival than those with none or mild IFTA. Worse kidney survival was also found among those with class IV LN and fibrous crescents versus those without IV LN and fibrous crescents, respectively.

Kidney transplantation outcomes in lupus nephritis: A 37-year single-center experience from Latin America.

OBJECTIVE: We assessed patient and graft outcomes and prognostic factors in kidney transplantation in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) secondary to lupus nephritis (LN) undergoing kidney transplantation from August 1977 to December 2014 in a Latin American single center. METHODS: The primary endpoint was patient survival, and the secondary endpoints were death-censored graft survival for the first renal transplant and the rate of recurrent LN (RLN). Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis. Factors predicting patient and death-censored graft survivals were examined by Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses. RESULTS: 185 patients were retrospectively evaluated. Patient survival rates were 88% at one year, 82% at three years, 78% at five years, and 67% at ten years. Death-censored graft survival for the first renal transplant was 93% at one year, 89% at three years, 87% at five years, and 80% at ten years. RLN was diagnosed in 2 patients (1.08%), but no graft was lost because of RLN. Thirty-nine (21.1%) patients died, and 65 (35.1%) patients experienced graft loss during the follow-up. By multivariable analyses, older recipient age and 1-month posttransplantation eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73m2 were associated with lower patient survival and an increased risk of graft loss, while induction immunosuppressive therapy exerted a protective effect on patients' survival. In the subgroup of patients in whom disease activity was measured at the time of transplantation, a higher SLEDAI score was also associated with lower patient survival and an increased risk of graft loss. CONCLUSION: In a mostly Mestizo population, kidney transplantation is an excellent therapeutic alternative in LN patients with ESKD. Older recipient age, an eGFR <45 ml/min/1.73m2 at one month posttransplantation, and disease activity at the time of transplantation are predictive of a lower patient and death-censored graft survival, while induction immunosuppressive therapy has a protective effect on patient survival. RLN is rare and does not influence the risk of graft loss.

Factores de riesgo en enfermedad cerebro vascular isquémica en paciente menores de 45 años / Risk factors of stroke in young people

Un Evento Cerebro Vascular (ECV) es un suceso dramático en un paciente joven, al considerar la discapacidad, el impacto social y los altos costos en procesos de rehabilitación. Por lo anterior, se han creado programas de prevención para los factores de riesgo implicados en la presentación de éstos. Con este trabajo, se pretende realizar una revisión teórica de los factores de riesgo, etiologías implicadas en la presentación de un ECV, además se presenta un informe de las historias clínicas de los pacientes que consultaron al Hospital San Juan de Dios, en el período comprendido entre enero de 1995 y junio del 2000, con el fin de describir los factores de riesgo, enfermedades asociadas en esta población y aportar una información preliminar

Trombosis de senos venosos cerebrales / Cerebral venous thrombosis

La trombosis de los senos venosos cerebrales ocurre como consecuencia de una alteración en los factores trombogénicos y fibrinolíticos, a su vez ocasionada por diversos factores locales o sistémicos. Entre las causas mejor conocidas se hallan las infecciosas, las alteraciones de la coagulación que acompañan la anticoncepción, el embarazo y el parto, el trauma y los neoplasmas. La prevalencia e incidencia de esta patología se ha aproximado mediante registros de casos, pero su notificación no es obligatoria y el subregistro es amplio. La presentación clìnica es variable por lo cual resulta más fácil tratar de reconocerla en diversos síndrome como: la hipertensión endocranea benigna, la cefalea aguda con signos focales y depresiòn de la conciencia, las convulsiones con paresia post ictal transitoria entre otros. El diagnóstico por imágenes ha sufrido un gran cambio con la aparición de la TAC y la resonancia magnética y han permitido una pronta confirmación, en la sospecha clìnica, frente a la bien conocida positividad de la angiografía. El tratamiento continua generando controversia pues algunos pacientes mejoran sin intervención alguna. Empero la anticoagulación con heparina a dosis plenas continùa siendo un tratamiento seguro y eficaz, incluso en presencia de hemorragia. La trombolisis local está indicada en aquellos casos en los cuales la anticoagulación no produce resultado. Se presentan para ilustración del lector, cinco casos atendidos en el Hospital San Juan de Dios de Bogotá