Randomised controlled trials addressing how the clinical application of information and communication technology impacts the quality of patient care-A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The number of people with chronic and long-term conditions has increased during recent decades; this has been addressed by leveraging information and communication technology (ICT) to develop new self-care solutions. However, many of the developed technological solutions have not been tested in terms of impact(s) on patients' quality of care. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review aimed to identify the current best evidence on the types of interventions that have been developed to improve the quality of patient care through the clinical application of ICT in primary, tertiary or home care. DESIGN: A systematic review, including a meta-analysis, was conducted according to the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis guidelines. DATA SOURCES: Relevant data were identified from four electronic databases: CINAHL, PUBMED, SCOPUS and MEDIC. REVIEW METHODS: The eligibility criteria were formatted according to PICOS inclusion and exclusion criteria. At least two researchers performed the screening process separately, after which they agreed upon the results. The Cochrane Risk of Bias Assessment and JBI Critical Appraisal tool for randomised controlled studies (RCTs) were used to assess research quality. Data were extracted, and a meta-analysis was performed if the research met quantitative requirements. RESULTS: Of the 528 initially identified studies, 11 studies were chosen for final data synthesis. All of the interventions integrated ICT solutions into patient care to improve the quality of care. Patients across all of the RCTs were educated through direct training, the provision of information relevant to their disease or one-to-one educational coaching. The interventions included various interactions, e.g. nurse expert visits and support, and support provided by peers, groups or family members. These interactions occurred through face-to-face coaching, virtual human coaching or virtual coaching that relied on an algorithm. The performed meta-analysis included 6 of the 11 identified studies. The overall effect was nonsignificant, with three studies demonstrating a significant postintervention effect on patients' quality of care and quality of life and three studies a nonsignificant effect. CONCLUSIONS: The presented results suggest that ICT-based care should be developed in collaboration with nurses and other health care professionals, involve patients in decision-making and combine ICT solutions with human interaction and coaching. ICT education was found to be essential to the success of an intervention.

Differences in risk factors for surgical site infection between laparotomy and laparoscopy in gastrointestinal surgery.

Extensive gastrointestinal surgery surveillance data in Japan were analyzed to examine the differences in the risk factors for surgical site infection (SSI) between laparotomy and laparoscopic abdominal procedures. Surgical procedures investigated in the study were gastrectomy, cholecystectomy, colectomy, rectal resection, and appendectomy. A total of 32,629 patients were included in the study. The study participants were divided into two groups according to the year of surgery, 2003-2009 (first study period) and 2010-2015 (second study period), due to the increase in the number of laparoscopic surgeries in the second study period. The incidence of SSI was stratified by three SSI classifications (superficial incisional, deep incisional, and organ/space SSI). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to predict the risk factors for SSI. The percentage of laparoscopic surgeries performed has increased linearly since 2010. Patients in the second study period were significantly older and had a higher prevalence of SSI risk factors compared with those in the first study period. In addition, the predictive factors changed substantially in most surgical procedures between the two study periods. Wound class ≥ 3 was a ubiquitous risk factor for superficial incisional SSI (SI-SSI) and organ/space SSI (OS-SSI) in both open (laparotomy) and laparoscopic procedures in the first study period. Meanwhile, in the second study period, operative duration was a ubiquitous risk factor in both procedures. The risk factors for SI-SSI differed from those for OS-SSI in the five abdominal surgeries investigated in the study. Periodic examination of risk factors for SSI is recommended in an aging society.

Association between respiratory and heart rate fluctuations and death occurrence in dying cancer patients: continuous measurement with a non-wearable monitor.

BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to explore the association between impending death and continual changes in respiratory and heart rates measured using a non-wearable monitor every minute for the final 2 weeks of life in dying cancer patients. METHODS: In this longitudinal study, we enrolled patients in a palliative care unit and continuously measured their respiratory and heart rates via a monitor and additionally captured their other vital signs and clinical status from medical records. RESULT: A dataset was created comprising every 24-h data collected from every-minute raw data, including information from 240 days prior to death from 24 patients (345,600 data); each patient's data were measured for 3-14 days until death. After confirming the associations between the respiratory and heat rate values on the day of death (n = 24) or other days (2-14 days before death, n = 216) and the mean, maximum, minimum, and variance of respiratory and heart rates every 24 h by univariate analyses, we conducted a repeated-measures logistic regression analysis using a generalized estimating equation. Finally, the maximum respiratory rate and mean heart rate were significantly associated with death occurring within the following 3 days (0-24 h, 0-48 h, and 0-72 h), except for the maximum respiratory rate that occurs within 0-24 h. CONCLUSION: The maximum respiratory rate and mean heart rate measured every minute using a monitor can warn family caregivers and care staff, with the support of palliative care professionals, of imminent death among dying patients at home or other facilities.

Mentoring of nursing students-A comparative study of Japan and five European countries.

AIMS: This study aimed to explore mentoring competence in nursing student mentors during clinical practice by identifying different mentor profiles and connections between different competence areas among five European countries and Japan. METHODS: The study implemented a cross-sectional design in Finland, Italy, Lithuania, Slovenia, Spain, and Japan during 2016 and 2019. In total, 6208 mentors were invited, and 1862 participated from 58 healthcare organizations. The data were collected with a survey questionnaire by including background question items with the Mentor Competence Instrument. K-clustering and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis. RESULTS: Four mentor profiles, A (43%), B (30%), C (18%), and D (9%), were identified according to the seven mentoring competence areas with high statistical significance (p < 0.001). Higher mentoring competence (mean >3.50) was observed among Finnish, Lithuanian, and Slovenian mentors with university education in nursing, older ages, more work experience, and previous education in mentoring. Lower competence (mean <2.49) was observed among Japanese and Italian mentors with diplomas in nursing, younger ages, less work experience, and no previous education in mentoring. CONCLUSION: Mentoring requires motivated, highly competent mentors since mentoring is a critical aspect of nursing education. Mentoring roles should be given to nurses with higher education and mentoring training. Younger, less experienced nurses without formal mentoring training may need support from senior nurses when performing mentoring roles and could also facilitate a more balanced workload between patient care and mentoring for senior nurses.

Nonwearable actigraphy to assess changes in motor activity before and after rescue analgesia in terminally ill patients with cancer: A pilot study.

AIMS: This study aimed to investigate the usefulness of nonwearable actigraphy to assess changes in motor activity before and after rescue analgesic administration in terminally ill cancer patients. BACKGROUND: Evaluating pain in terminally ill cancer patients is difficult; pain assessment tools are needed. METHODS: This was an exploratory descriptive study conducted within a palliative care unit. A nonwearable actigraph was used to measure the activity score and movement index of terminally ill patients with weeks-long prognosis and pain. The actigraph and medical data were integrated, and data were compared 6 h before and after rescue analgesic administration. RESULTS: Among 10 patients (age: 75.8 ± 12.3 years; six men), we evaluated 28 pain episodes (mean activity score: 130.9 ± 180.5 counts per minute; movement index: 68.8%). When pain was relieved at night following rescue analgesic administration, activity score and movement index decreased significantly (6 h before vs. 6 h after analgesics, respectively: 113.1 to 69.7 counts per minute; 64.3% to 41.8%; both p < 0.0001). With no relief after rescue analgesic administration, activity score did not differ significantly 6 h before and after analgesics: 147.3 to 137.7 counts per minute. CONCLUSION: Pain in terminally ill cancer patients could be assessed using a nonwearable actigraph to capture motor activity and improve pain assessment.

The change over time of vital signs with consideration for opioid use in the last 2 weeks of life among cancer patients in a palliative care unit: Continuous measurement of vital signs using a non-wearable monitor.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine the following by using a non-wearable monitor: (ⅰ) the trajectory of vital signs (VS) in the last 2 weeks of life among cancer patients, and (ⅱ) the difference in change over time of VS between cancer patients with and without opioid use. METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal study involving cancer patients in a palliative care unit (PCU) from April 2018 to October 2019. VS were collected continuously using a non-wearable monitor, and we calculated the means of respiratory rate (RR) and heart rate (HR) per hour, and counts of apnea per hour as outcome variables. Explanatory variables were time (subtracting time of death from measurement time of VS, divided by 36) and opioid use. Mean difference (MD) of time represented the slope per hour of VS values. First, we analyzed the associations between VS per hour and time using a linear mixed model (LMM) with random intercepts and slope over time. Second, we analyzed the associations between VS and interaction term between time and opioid use. RESULTS: We analyzed 26 cancer patients. RR (MD: 0.27 beats/min [95% CI: 0.27-0.28]), HR (MD: 1.51 beats/min [95% CI: 1.50-1.52]), and apnea (MD: 0.71 count/hour [95% CI: 0.70-0.72]) significantly increased hourly. In addition, RR was significantly associated with interaction term (MD: -1.59 beats/min [95% CI: -3.11 to -0.07]), which indicates that there is a difference in the slope of RR between opioid users and non-users. CONCLUSIONS: We have successfully described the trajectory of VS in high-resolution under conditions of a natural end of life in PCU.

Pharmacist-physician collaborative care for outpatients with left ventricular assist devices using a cloud-based home medical management information-sharing system: a case report.

BACKGROUND: The standard anticoagulation therapy for patients implanted with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) includes warfarin therapy. We developed a cloud-based home medical management information-sharing system named as LVAD@home. The LVAD@home system is an application designed to be used on iPad tablet computers. This system enables the sharing of daily information between a patient and care providers in real time. In this study, we reported cases of outpatients with LVADs using this system to manage anticoagulation therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient, a man in his 40s with end-stage heart failure owing to non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy, underwent LVAD implantation and warfarin was started on postoperative day 1. He started to use LVAD@home to manage warfarin therapy after discharge (postoperative day 47). He sent his data to care providers daily. By using this system, the pharmacist observed his signs of reduced dietary intake 179 days after discharge, and after consulting the physician, told the patient to change the timing of the next measurement earlier than usual. On the next day, the prothrombin time-international normalized ratio increased from 2.0 to 3.0, and thus the dose was decreased by 0.5 mg. Four patients used this system to monitor warfarin therapy from October 2015 to March 2018. In these patients, the time in therapeutic range was 90.1 ± 1.3, which was higher than that observed in previous studies. Additionally, there were no thromboembolic events or bleeding events. CONCLUSIONS: The cloud-based home management system can be applied to share real-time patient information of factors, including dietary intake that interact with warfarin. It can help to improve long-term anticoagulation outcomes in patients implanted with LVAD.

Healthcare professionals' competence in digitalisation: A systematic review.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To identify key areas of competence for digitalisation in healthcare settings, describe healthcare professionals' competencies in these areas and identify factors related to their competence. BACKGROUND: Digitalisation requires changes in healthcare practices, policies and actions to revise job expectations and workflows. The aspects of patient safety and integration of digitalisation into the professional context necessitate an assessment of healthcare professionals' competencies in digitalisation. DESIGN: Systematic review. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted following Center of Reviews and Dissemination guidelines, including application of a PRISMA statement. Four databases-CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (Ovid), Web of Science and Academic Search Premiere (EBSCO)-were searched for relevant original peer-reviewed studies published between 2012-2017. Twelve were chosen for final analysis: five quantitative studies and seven qualitative studies, which were, respectively, subjected to narrative and thematic synthesis. RESULTS: Key competence areas regarding digitalisation from a healthcare perspective identified encompass knowledge of digital technology and the digital skills required to provide good patient care, including associated social and communication skills, and ethical considerations of digitalisation in patient care. Healthcare professionals need the motivation and willingness to acquire experience of digitalisation in their professional context. Collegial and organisational support appear to be essential factors for building positive experiences of digitalisation for healthcare professionals. CONCLUSION: Healthcare organisations should both pay attention to the social environment of a workplace and create a positive atmosphere if they want to improve the response to digitalisation. The successful implementation of new technology requires organisational and collegial support. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Recommendations for clinical practice include the following: development of competence in digitalisation by healthcare professionals when using technological equipment to minimise errors; provision of sufficient resources, equipment and room for technology usage; and provision of regular education that considers the participants' competencies.

A cloud-based home health care information sharing system to connect patients with home healthcare staff -A case report of a study in a mountainous region.

We have developed a cloud system, the e-Renraku Notebook (e-RN) for sharing of home care information based on the concept of "patient-centricity". In order to assess the likelihood that our system will enhance the communication and sharing of information between home healthcare staff members and home-care patients, we selected patients who were residing in mountainous regions for inclusion in our study. We herein report the findings.Eighteen staff members from 7 medical facilities and 9 patients participated in the present study.The e-RN was developed for two reasons: to allow patients to independently report their health status and to have staff members view and respond to the information received. The patients and staff members were given iPads with the pre-installed applications and the information being exchanged was reviewed over a 54-day period.Information was mainly input by the patients (61.6%), followed by the nurses who performed home visits (19.9%). The amount of information input by patients requiring high-level nursing care and their corresponding staff member was significantly greater than that input by patients who required low-level of nursing care.This patient-centric system in which patients can independently report and share information with a member of the healthcare staff provides a sense of security. It also allows staff members to understand the patient's health status before making a home visit, thereby giving them a sense of security and confidence. It was also noteworthy that elderly patients requiring high-level nursing care and their staff counterpart input information in the system significantly more frequently than patients who required low-level care.

A cloud-based home management system for patients with a left ventricular assist device: a case report.

Since implantable left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) with smaller configurations became available for bridge-to-transplant or even destination therapy in patients with end-stage heart failure, an increasing number of patients with these devices are receiving home medical management. However, these patients may be anxious about potential complications such as pump failure, thromboembolism, and infections that may occur during home management. To provide a sense of security during home management of patients with LVAD and to establish an ideal shared-care system, we developed a patient-centered cloud-based home management system for patients with LVAD. In this case report, we describe this system and report a trial of it in a 64-year-old patient with an LVAD.

Types of infectious outbreaks and their impact in elderly care facilities: a review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: infectious outbreaks in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) tend to have a significant impact on infection rates and mortality rates of the residents. OBJECTIVES: this review aimed to update the information on pathogens identified in such outbreaks and to try to explore indicators that reflect the impact of outbreaks among residents and health care workers (HCWs). METHODS: MEDLINE (1966-2008) was used to identify outbreaks using the following thesaurus terms: 'Cross-Infection', 'Disease Outbreaks', 'Urinary-Tract Infections' and 'Blood-Borne Pathogens'. Elderly care facilities were identified with the following thesaurus terms: 'Long-Term Care', 'Assisted-Living Facilities', 'Homes for the Aged' and 'Nursing Homes'. Age category was limited using 'Aged'. RESULTS: thirty-seven pathogens were associated with 206 outbreaks. The largest number of reported outbreaks by a single pathogen involved the influenza virus, followed by noroviruses. Among residents, the highest median attack rate for respiratory infection outbreaks was caused by Chlamydia pneumoniae (46%), followed by respiratory syncytial virus (40%). In gastrointestinal tract infection outbreaks, high median attack rates were caused by Clostridium perfringens (48%) and noroviruses (45%). Outbreaks with high median case fatality rates were caused by Group A Streptococci (50%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (44%). High median attack rates for HCWs were caused by C. pneumoniae (41%), noroviruses (42%) and scabies (36%). CONCLUSION: a variety of infectious agents were identified as the cause of outbreaks in the elderly and HCWs in LTCFs. Attack rates and case fatality rates are useful indicators for setting priorities for education and prevention of the outbreaks.