The IgG1 B-cell receptor provides survival and proliferative signals analogue to the Igα but not the Igß co-receptor.

The function of the IgM B-cell receptor (BCR) is dependent on intact signaling of the co-receptors Igα and Igß, both of which contain a cytoplasmic tail bearing an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. We have previously demonstrated that the cytoplasmic tail of the IgG1 BCR can partially compensate for the loss of the signaling moiety of Igα. Here, we show that unlike Igα, Igß signaling is indispensable for the development and function of IgG1-expressing B cells. Deletion of the cytoplasmic signaling tail of Igß compromised the survival and proliferation not only of IgM(+) B cells but also of IgG1-expressing B cells. In the absence of the signaling tail of Igß, the transcription levels of the antiapoptotic gene bcl-xl and the cell-cycle gene ccnd2 were reduced, consistent with the observed defects in survival and proliferation. These results demonstrate functional differences between Igα and Igß in the transduction of IgG1 BCR signal.

C57BL/6N albino/agouti mutant mice as embryo donors for efficient germline transmission of C57BL/6 ES cells.

We generated C57BL/6NTac mice carrying a tyrosinase loss-of function mutation and a reversion of the nonagouti locus to agouti. This strain has a high superovulation response, allows visual detection of chimeric coat color contribution of C57BL/6 ES-cells and provides a simplified breeding format that generates black G1 offspring of pure inbred C57BL/6 background in one step, providing the ideal host for genetically manipulated C57BL/6 ES cells.

Evaluation of phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase IIIα as a hepatitis C virus drug target.

Phosphatidylinositol-4-kinase IIIα (PI4KIIIα) is an essential host cell factor for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. An N-terminally truncated 130-kDa form was used to reconstitute an in vitro biochemical lipid kinase assay that was optimized for small-molecule compound screening and identified potent and specific inhibitors. Cell culture studies with PI4KIIIα inhibitors demonstrated that the kinase activity was essential for HCV RNA replication. Two PI4KIIIα inhibitors were used to select cell lines harboring HCV replicon mutants with a 20-fold loss in sensitivity to the compounds. Reverse genetic mapping isolated an NS4B-NS5A segment that rescued HCV RNA replication in PIK4IIIα-deficient cells. HCV RNA replication occurs on specialized membranous webs, and this study with PIK4IIIα inhibitor-resistant mutants provides a genetic link between NS4B/NS5A functions and PI4-phosphate lipid metabolism. A comprehensive assessment of PI4KIIIα as a drug target included its evaluation for pharmacologic intervention in vivo through conditional transgenic murine lines that mimic target-specific inhibition in adult mice. Homozygotes that induce a knockout of the kinase domain or knock in a single amino acid substitution, kinase-defective PI4KIIIα, displayed a lethal phenotype with a fairly widespread mucosal epithelial degeneration of the gastrointestinal tract. This essential host physiologic role raises doubt about the pursuit of PI4KIIIα inhibitors for treatment of chronic HCV infection.

Tracking germinal center B cells expressing germ-line immunoglobulin gamma1 transcripts by conditional gene targeting.

Germinal centers (GCs) represent the main sites for the generation of high-affinity, class-switched antibodies during T cell-dependent antibody responses. To study gene function specifically in GC B cells, we generated Cgamma1-cre mice in which the expression of Cre recombinase is induced by transcription of the Ig gamma1 constant region gene segment (Cgamma1). In these mice, Cre-mediated recombination at the fas, Igbeta, IgH, and Rosa26 loci occurred in GC B cells as early as 4 days after immunization with T cell-dependent antigens and involved >85% of GC B cells at the peak of the GC reaction. Less than 2% of IgM(+) B cells showed Cre-mediated recombination. These cells carried few Ig somatic mutations, expressed germ-line Cgamma1- and activation-induced cytidine deaminase-specific transcripts and likely include GC B cell founders and/or plasma cell precursors. Cre-mediated recombination involved most IgG1, but also a fraction of IgG3-, IgG2a-, IgG2b-, and IgA-expressing GC and post-GC B cells. This result indicates that a GC B cell can transcribe more than one downstream C(H) gene before undergoing class switch recombination. The efficient induction of Cre expression in GC B cells makes the Cgamma1-cre allele a powerful tool for the genetic analysis of these cells, as well as, in combination with a suitable marker for Cre-mediated recombination, the tracking of class-switched memory B and plasma cells in vivo. To expedite the genetic analysis of GC B cells, we have established Cgamma1-cre F(1) embryonic stem cells, allowing further rounds of gene targeting and the cloning of compound mutants by tetraploid embryo complementation.

B cell receptor signal strength determines B cell fate.

B cell receptor (BCR)-mediated antigen recognition is thought to regulate B cell differentiation. BCR signal strength may also influence B cell fate decisions. Here, we used the Epstein-Barr virus protein LMP2A as a constitutively active BCR surrogate to study the contribution of BCR signal strength in B cell differentiation. Mice carrying a targeted replacement of Igh by LMP2A leading to high or low expression of the LMP2A protein developed B-1 or follicular and marginal zone B cells, respectively. These data indicate that BCR signal strength, rather than antigen specificity, determines mature B cell fate. Furthermore, spontaneous germinal centers developed in gut-associated lymphoid tissue of LMP2A mice, indicating that microbial antigens can promote germinal centers independently of BCR-mediated antigen recognition.