Analysis of Food Security of Older Rural Indigenous People in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Food insecurity is a critical issue in the Americas, with severe impacts in the Caribbean, Mesoamerica, and South America, particularly affecting older adults in Indigenous and rural contexts where it intersects with poverty, gender, and ethnicity. This study aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the current research about food insecurity among older Indigenous adults in Latin America and the Caribbean. A comprehensive literature review was conducted, utilizing specific search queries and the population, intervention, comparison, and outcome (PICO) strategy across multiple databases to identify the pertinent studies. The findings indicate an increase in academic output on this topic since 2018, with significant emphasis on the interplay between climate change and food insecurity. The review highlights the importance of developing targeted food programs, reforming policies, and fostering collaboration between academia and local communities to implement practical interventions. Despite the growing body of literature, a notable research gap persists in rural areas of Latin America and the Caribbean. This study underscores the necessity of balancing the geographic distribution of research and emphasizes the preservation of cultural practices and the adaptation of public policies to support traditional food practices. It advocates for culturally sensitive interventions and interdisciplinary collaboration to formulate comprehensive strategies. The originality and value of this study lie in its focused analysis of older Indigenous adults, contributing crucial insights to the international literature on food security.

Caídas en personas mayores: más allá de lo biomédico / Falls in elderly people: beyond the biomedical

Objetivo: Analizar factores subjetivos, sociales y culturales asociados al riesgo de caídas y su relación con el estado de funcionalidad de personas mayores de la Región de la Araucanía en Chile. Metodología: Estudio observacional, con diseño secuencial, DEXPLIS, CUANCUAL, de predominio cualitativo. Resultados: Se observa que los factores subjetivos, sociales y culturales de riesgo de caídas se encuentran en permanente interacción y se influyen mutuamente. En el discurso de los sujetos, destacan las macrocategorías desconocimiento corporal, condición socioeconómica y deterioro biológico, que se vinculan con sentimientos de soledad y abandono, quiebres emocionales, transiciones complejas de la vida, sentimientos de miedo, negación a aceptar y reconocer los cambios de la vejez, presentar mala condición de salud, sentirse discriminado por ser mayor y descuido en relación con su corporalidad, que favorecen una mirada y una vivencia de la vejez como un período de deterioro y de pérdidas a nivel físico, cognitivo y social (vejez patológica). Desde el paradigma biocapitalista, la situación se ve fortalecida por el predominio del paradigma biomédico, que normaliza las caídas como parte de la vejez. Conclusiones: Se identifican dos tipos de sujetos sociales en proceso de envejecimiento: por una parte, los que sostienen una concepción sociocultural del envejecimiento desde una mirada biocapitalista, influenciada por el modelo biomédico predominante, tienden a relacionar las patologías como parte constitutiva de la vejez, incluyendo dentro de estos síntomas las caídas; por otra parte, los sujetos críticos de este discurso, que presentan un alto autoconocimiento corporal, aceptación de cambios biológicos y relacionan esta etapa con un envejecimiento saludable (AU)

Objective: To analyze subjective, social, and cultural factors associated with the risk of falls and their relationship with the functional status of older people in the Araucanía Region in Chile. Methodology: an observational study, with sequential design, DEXPLIS, QUAN-QUAL, of qualitative predominance. Results: It is observed that the subjective, social and cultural risk factors for falls are in permanent interaction and influence each other. In the subjects’ discourse, the macro-categories of bodily ignorance, socioeconomic condition, and biological deterioration stand out, linked to feelings of loneliness and abandonment, emotional breakdowns, complex life transitions, fear, and refusal to recognize life changes. Old age, presenting poor health, feeling discriminated against for being older and, neglect concerning their corporality, favors a view and experience of old age as a period of deterioration and losses at a physical, cognitive and social level (pathological old age). From the biocapitalist paradigm, the situation is strengthened by the predominance of the biomedical paradigm, which normalizes falls as part of old age. Conclusions: Two types of social subjects in the aging process are identified. On the one hand, those who hold a sociocultural conception of aging from a biocapitalist perspective, influenced by the predominant biomedical model, tend to relate pathologies as a constitutive part of old age, including within these symptoms fall. On the other hand, critical subjects of this discourse show high body self-awareness, acceptance of biological changes and relate this stage to healthy aging (AU)

Violencia estatal y movimientos sociales mapuche: pichikeche violentados, una rebelión incubada / State violence and Mapuche social movements: violence committed against pichikeche in an incubated rebellion / Violência estatal e movimentos sociais Mapuche: atacou pichikeche, uma rebelião incubada

Resumen (analítico) El Estado chileno ha ejercido violencia contra el pueblo mapuche por generaciones, promoviendo la construcción de imaginarios en pichikeche (niños y niñas), lo que impacta en la expresión política de los movimientos sociales. Para analizar dicho impacto se usó una metodología cualitativa con diseño etnográfico. Los datos se obtuvieron mediante observación participante, entrevistas y dibujos. Participaron pichikeche de 5 a 12 años de edad, pertenecientes a cinco familias mapuche, respaldados por loncos (dirigentes) de su comunidad. Los resultados muestran que los imaginarios de dolor e incomprensión frente a la violencia, racismo y crueldad por parte del Estado pueden promover la generación de movimientos sociales que incluyen respuestas similares en colectivos de personas que carecieron de estrategias para la contención y resignificación de tales eventos traumáticos. A esto se le denomina «rebelión incubada¼.

Abstract (analytical) The Chilean State has committed violence against the Mapuche people for generations, promoting Mapuche children's construction of imaginary realities. This situation has an impact on the political expression of social movements. A qualitative methodology based on an ethnographic design was used. Data generation techniques included participant observation, interviews and pichikeche's drawings. The participants in this study were pichikeche (children) between 5 and 12 years of age from five Mapuche families supported by loncos (leaders) from their community. The results suggest that imaginary pain and misunderstanding caused by excessive and unjustified violence, racism and cruelty carried out by the State against Mapuche communities has promoted the generation of social movements. This could provoke a similar response among people who lack strategies for the containment and defining of these traumatic events, which is known as an incubated rebellion.

Resumo (analítico) O Estado chileno exerce violência contra o povo mapuche há gerações, promovendo a construção de imaginários em pichikeche (meninos e meninas), o que tem impacto na expressão política dos movimentos sociais. Para analisar esse impacto, foi utilizada a metodologia qualitativa com desenho etnográfico. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de observação participante, entrevistas e desenhos. Participaram Pichikeche de 5 a 12 anos, pertencente a cinco famílias Mapuche, apoiados por loncos (lideranças) de sua comunidade. Os resultados mostram que os imaginários de dor e incompreensão frente à violência, racismo e crueldade por parte do Estado podem favorecer a geração de movimentos sociais que incluam respostas semelhantes em grupos de pessoas que careciam de estratégias para contê-los e ressignificá los eventos traumáticos. Isso é chamado de rebelião incubada.