Identificación por catálogo y detección molecular de bovinos Holstein portadores de braquiespina en Uruguay / Identification through sire catalogues analysis and molecular detection of brachyspina carriers in Uruguayan Holstein

Resumen El síndrome de braquiespina es una condición genética de la raza Holstein, detectada en el año 2006. Es causado por una deleción de 3.3 Kb en el gen FANCI localizado en el cromosoma bovino 21. La mutación fue identificada en poblaciones de Holstein de Europa, América del Norte y Asia. Dada la importancia económica del defecto y su amplia distribución mundial, el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido la identificación de animales portadores en el núcleo de selección genética de la raza en Uruguay y el diagnóstico molecular del alelo deletéreo en animales del rodeo nacional. En el presente estudio se analizaron 2598 registros de toros Holstein del catálogo de padres del sistema de evaluación genética lechera, los registros de toros pertenecientes a los catálogos de semen Holstein disponible para Uruguay de los años 2014 al 2018; y 71 vacas pertenecientes al rodeo general. Se encontraron 28 toros portadores de braquiespina de un total de 377 toros con información genética del catálogo de padres y cuatro vacas portadoras de un total de 71 genotipificadas en nuestro laboratorio. Se demostró una disminución en el ingreso de semen de animales portadores al país entre los años 2014 y 2018. La frecuencia significativa de animales portadores en Uruguay evidencia la necesidad de implementar estrategias que permitan eliminar gradualmente el defecto de la población.

Abstract Brachyspina syndrome is a hereditary recessive disease of recent identification in the Holstein breed. It is caused by a deletion of 3.3Kb in the FANCI gene located in the bovine chromosome 21. The mutation was identified in Holstein populations of Europe, North America and Asia. Given the economic importance of the defect and its wide distribution, the objective of this work was the identification of carrier animals in the genetic selection nucleus of the breed in Uruguay and the molecular verification of the deleterious allele in animals of the national herd. In the present study, 2598 records of Holstein bulls were analyzed from the list of parents of the dairy genetic evaluation system, records of bulls belonging to the Holstein semen catalogs available for Uruguay from 2014 to 2018; and 71 cows belonging to the general herd. Twenty-eight brachyspina carrier bulls were found of a total of 377 bulls with genetic information from the list of parents and four carrier cows of a total of 71 genotyped in our laboratory. A decrease in the income of semen from carrier animals to the country between 2014 and 2018 was demonstrated. The significant frequency of carrier animals in Uruguay evidences the need to implement strategies to gradually eliminate the population defect.

Diseases and parasites of wild and cultivated mussels along the Patagonian coast of Argentina, southwest Atlantic Ocean.

A histological survey of the commercially edible mussels Mytilus platensis and M. chilensis from wild and cultivated populations along the coast of Patagonia, Argentina (42°00' to 54°47'S), was carried out to determine their health status. Diagnostic results included 3 types of inflammatory responses (infiltrative, nodular, and encapsulation), disseminated neoplasia disease, 2 abnormal reproductive conditions (gonadal atresia and intersex), prokaryotic inclusions, protozoans, and metazoans. Pathogen prevalence and infection intensity among mussels of different sampling sites and between those of wild and cultivated populations were compared. Inflammatory responses were recorded in all mussels from all sites, while disseminated neoplasia only occurred in the most southern cultivated M. chilensis. Intracellular prokaryotic inclusions were broadly distributed in the mussels from both northern and southern Patagonian coasts. Ciliates showed the highest prevalence among wild mussels from the colder waters of Bahía Brown. Turbellaria were recorded at higher prevalence in cultured mussels (41.7%), and trematode metacercariae occurred exclusively in intertidal wild mussels. None of the parasites found appears to be a problem to the fishery or farming, although disseminated neoplasia should be monitored. In addition, we found that mytilid species coexisting with M. platensis (Aulacomya atra and Perumytilus purpuratus) at one location shared the same pathological conditions and parasites, which differed from those of M. platensis at a distant locality. These results suggest that pathological conditions and parasites were influenced more by ecological habitat factors than by the species of mussels present, based on similar parasite assemblages found among closely related mytilid hosts in the same geographical area.

Delays in making initial treatment contact after the first onset of mental health disorders in the Argentinean Study of Mental Health Epidemiology.

AIMS: While there are effective treatments for psychiatric disorders, many individuals with such disorders do not receive treatment and those that do often take years to get into treatment. Information regarding treatment contact failure and delay in Argentina is needed to guide public health policy and planning. Therefore, this study aimed to provide data on prompt treatment contact, lifetime treatment contact, median duration of treatment delays and socio-demographic predictors of treatment contact after the first onset of a mental disorder. METHODS: The Argentinean Study of Mental Health Epidemiology (EAESM) is a multistage probability sample representative of adults (aged 18+) living in large urban areas of Argentina. A total of 2116 participants were evaluated with the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview to assess psychiatric diagnosis, treatment contact and delay. RESULTS: Projections of cases that will make treatment contact by 50 years taken from a survival curve suggest that the majority of individuals with a mood (100%) or anxiety disorder (72.5%) in Argentina whose disorder persist for a sufficient period of time eventually make treatment contact while fewer with a substance disorder do so (41.6%). Timely treatment in the year of onset is rare (2.6% for a substance disorder, 14.6% for an anxiety disorder and 31.3% of those with a mood disorder) with mean delays between 8 years for mood disorders and 21 years for anxiety disorders. Younger cohorts are more likely to make treatment contact than older cohorts, whereas those with earlier ages of disorder onset are least likely to make treatment contact. Those with anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder are more likely to make treatment contact when they have comorbid disorders, whereas those with substance use disorders are less likely. CONCLUSIONS: Argentina needs to implement strategies to get individuals with substance use disorders into treatment, and to reduce treatment delays for all, but particularly to target early detection and treatment among children and adolescents.

The Geographic Structure of Viruses in the Cuatro Ciénegas Basin, a Unique Oasis in Northern Mexico, Reveals a Highly Diverse Population on a Small Geographic Scale.

The Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) is located in the Chihuahuan desert in the Mexican state of Coahuila; it has been characterized as a site with high biological diversity despite its extreme oligotrophic conditions. It has the greatest number of endemic species in North America, containing abundant living microbialites (including stromatolites and microbial mats) and diverse microbial communities. With the hypothesis that this high biodiversity and the geographic structure should be reflected in the virome, the viral communities in 11 different locations of three drainage systems, Churince, La Becerra, and Pozas Rojas, and in the intestinal contents of 3 different fish species, were analyzed for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic RNA and DNA viruses using next-generation sequencing methods. Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus families were the most abundant (72.5% of reads), followed by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viruses (2.9%) and ssRNA and dsRNA virus families (0.5%). Thirteen families had dsDNA genomes, five had ssDNA, three had dsRNA, and 16 had ssRNA. A highly diverse viral community was found, with an ample range of hosts and a strong geographical structure, with very even distributions and signals of endemicity in the phylogenetic trees from several different virus families. The majority of viruses found were bacteriophages but eukaryotic viruses were also frequent, and the large diversity of viruses related to algae were a surprise, since algae are not evident in the previously analyzed aquatic systems of this ecosystem. Animal viruses were also frequently found, showing the large diversity of aquatic animals in this oasis, where plants, protozoa, and archaea are rare.IMPORTANCE In this study, we tested whether the high biodiversity and geographic structure of CCB is reflected in its virome. CCB is an extraordinarily biodiverse oasis in the Chihuahuan desert, where a previous virome study suggested that viruses had followed the marine ancestry of the marine bacteria and, as a result of their long isolation, became endemic to the site. In this study, which includes a larger sequencing coverage and water samples from other sites within the valley, we confirmed the high virus biodiversity and uniqueness as well as the strong biogeographical diversification of the CCB. In addition, we also analyzed fish intestinal contents, finding that each fish species eats different prey and, as a result, presents different viral compositions even if they coexist in the same pond. These facts highlight the high and novel virus diversity of CCB and its "lost world" status.

Arterial distribution to the pelvic cavity and pelvic limb in the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758).

This research is a study about the arterial vascularization of pelvic cavity and pelvic limb in pampas deer. For this study, 25 dead animals were used. The vascularization of the organs was investigated using a latex injection technique. Two animals were injected in the common carotid artery with contrast to cardiac angiography, and then, radiographs were taken. The aorta showed the two external iliac arteries, and after a short course, the aorta ended in two internal iliac arteries. The median sacral artery was originated from the dorsal surface cranially to the emergence of the internal iliac arteries. The last one gave off parietal (iliolumbar, cranial and caudal gluteal arteries) and visceral (umbilical and internal pudendal arteries) branches. The external iliac artery gave as first branch the deep circumflex iliac artery which was divided into a cranial and a caudal branch. After a short distance from the external iliac artery, the femoral and deep femoral arteries were originated. The deep femoral artery gave origin to the pudendoepigastric trunk and to the medial femoral circumflex artery. Based on the arterial distribution of the pelvic cavity and pelvic limb in the pampas deer, it is concluded that the internal iliac artery has a pattern of intermediate development. In reference to the distribution of the external iliac artery and its branches, the pattern of development is the cranial tibial type.

Gross anatomy of the heart of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos, Linnaeus 1758).

The available information about anatomical characteristics of the cardiovascular system of the alpaca (Vicugna pacos, Linnaeus 1758) is scarce. The general objective of this work was to describe its heart anatomy. We dissected six adult animals and five neonates. The heart of the alpaca was located in the middle mediastinum, with a craniocaudal extension from the third to the sixth rib. No ligament that connected the fibrous pericardium to the sternum or to the diaphragm was detected. In the right atrium, there was a developed crista terminalis and small pectinate muscles. In the right ventricle, the septomarginal trabecula was very large. From the proximities of the interventricular septum arose small septomarginal trabeculae that ended in carnous trabeculae of the septal wall. The left atrium included little developed pectinate muscles. On the left ventricle, both papillary muscles were bilobed. Two left septomarginal trabeculas were detected in this ventricle. The left subclavian artery was originated from the aortic arch separately from the brachiocephalic trunk, and bicarotid trunk was present. The other branches of the subclavian artery were similar to the domestic ruminants. The arterial supply of the heart was of the right type. In conclusion, the heart anatomy of alpaca and the irrigation of thoracic cavity were more similar to those of old world camels and different from domestic ruminants.

Asymmetrical size and functionality of the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) testes: Right testis is bigger but left testis is more efficient in spermatogenesis.

Information about gonadal asymmetries in ruminants is very scarce. In this work, we performed three complementary studies to compare characteristics of both testes: (i) weight and size of offspring and adult dead males; (ii) the tissue:fluid relationship determined by ultrasound scanning; and (iii) the spermatogenic status using fine needle aspiration cytology. The right testis was heavier than the left one in both offspring and adult animals and had greater width and volume in adult males than the left one. The ultrasound pixel intensity was similar in both testes. The right testis tended to have more spermatogonia (p = .06) and had a greater percentage of early spermatids (p = .004) than the left testis. On the other hand, the left testis had a greater percentage of spermatozoa (p = .05). The left testis had a greater spermatozoa/spermatogonia ratio (p = .02) and tended to have more spermatozoa/Sertoli cells ratio (p = .07). The spermatogenic index tended to be greater in the left than in the right testis (p = .06). Overall, we concluded that the right testis of pampas deer males is bigger but according to the cytology, it seems to be less spermatogenically effective than the left one, but these differences are not explained by different tissue:fluid ratio in each testis. Although differences were greater in adults than in offspring, asymmetry was observed even in just born offspring.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines involvement in the hesperidin antihyperalgesic effects at peripheral and central levels in a neuropathic pain model.

Emerging evidence proposes a link between immune changes and pain, which is consistent with the inflammation theory and the increased incidence of neurodegenerative diseases. Flavonoids have long been used because of their anti-inflammatory potential activity and they are considered a promising alternative to alleviate neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to investigate the antihyperalgesic effect of hesperidin and the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines evaluated at peripheral and central levels in the chronic constriction injury as model of neuropathic pain in rats. Mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed in the aesthesiometer and plantar tests, respectively, as related to the presence of cytokines concentrations (TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6) in sciatic nerve and segments of the spinal cord after 15 days chronic constriction injury model in rats receiving vehicle or hesperidin. Antihyperalgesic response of hesperidin (100 mg/kg) was associated to the presence of cytokines mainly at several sections of the spinal cord suggesting not only peripheral but also its involvement in central sensitization in the experimental neuropathic pain.

Gross Anatomy of Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758) Mouth and Pharynx.

The aims of this study were to describe the anatomy of the mouth and pharynx of the pampas deer, and to consider its evolutionary feeding niche according to those characteristics. Gross dissections of the mouth and pharynx were performed in 15 animals, 10 adult females and five young animals under 1 year (three males and two females), all dead by causes unrelated to this anatomical region. The upper lip entered in the constitution of a pigmented nasolabial plane. The masseter muscles weighed 43.8 ± 3.5 g and represented 0.23% of body weight, which corresponds to ruminants of feeders intermediate to grazers and browsers. Parotid glands represented 0.08% of the body weight, characteristic that also categorize the pampas deer as belonging to the intermediate feeding group. The dental formula was the same of the domestic ruminants. The upper incisors and canines were absent, and instead of them, there was a dental pad (Pulvinus dentalis). The upper canine teeth were present only in the deciduous dentition. The existence of a brachydont dentition turns Ozotoceros very vulnerable to continuous use as there is no compensatory teeth growth. The particular anatomy of the mouth and lips of this animal was adapted to a very selective feeding, taking highly nutritious sprouts beyond plant category. In conclusion and in addition to previous studies of anatomy of the digestive organs in this species, pampas deer may be categorized as belonging to the intermediate type of feeding.

Comparison of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity effects of silver nanoparticles on human cervix and breast cancer cell lines.

The wide application of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has pointed out the need to evaluate their potential risk and toxic effects on human health. Herein, the cytotoxic effects of Argovit™ AgNPs were evaluated on eight cancer cell lines. Further cytotoxic studies were performed in gynecological cancer cell lines from cervical (HeLa) and breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF7) cancer. In both cases, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of AgNPs produced the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after 24 h of incubation, but it was not statistically significant compared with untreated cells. However, HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and MCF7 cells treated with the maximal IC of AgNPs induced the formation of ROS either at 12 or 24 h of incubation. Genotoxicity achieved by comet assay in HeLa, MDA-MB-231, and MCF7 cells revealed that exposure to IC50 of AgNPs does not induced noticeable DNA damage in the cells. However, the IC of AgNPs provoked severe DNA damage after 12 and 24 h of exposure. We conclude that, Argovit (polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated AgNPs) induce a cytotoxic effect in a time and dose-dependent manner in all the eight cancer cell lines tested. Nevertheless, the genotoxic effect is mainly restricted by the concentration effect. The results contribute to explore new therapeutic applications of AgNPs for malignances in murine models and to study in deep the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of AgNPs in healthy cells at the surrounding tissue of the neoplasia.

Arterial Vascularization of the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus, 1758).

Based on gross dissection of fifteen adult animals (11 females, 4 males), we described the arterial supply of the stomach and intestines of the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), a South American endangered species. The coeliac artery emitted the splenic, left gastric and hepatic arteries. The splenic artery directed towards the spleen, and the right ruminal artery, which is its only collateral directed towards the stomach, being the main artery of the rumen. The left gastric artery gave origin to the left ruminal, the reticular and the left gastroepiploic arteries. The left gastroepiploic artery originated the reticular accessory artery. Both arteries, gastric and left gastroepiploic, anastomosed their right counterparts derived from the hepatic artery on the curvatures of the abomasum. The cranial mesenteric artery irrigated the second half of the duodenum until the beginning of the descending colon. The thickest branch emitted by the cranial mesenteric artery was the ileocolic artery, which was destined to the ascending colon, caecum and ileum. The colic branches and the right colic arteries were irradiated on the right surface of the spiral loop of the ascending colon and distributed to both centripetal and centrifugal coils of the ascending colon; the colic branches were also anastomosed with the last jejunals and ileals and with the right colic arteries. There were no variations in the origin of any of the main branches derived from the coeliac and cranial mesenteric arteries. This species had a basic pattern of arterial distribution similar to small domestic ruminants.

Gross anatomy of the female genital organs of the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus, Linnaeus 1758).

To describe the macroscopic anatomy of the genital organs of the female pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), organs from animals dead in a captive breeding station were dissected. A total of twenty females, 17 adults and 10 pre-puberal approximately 1 year old were studied by gross dissection. The ovaries of adult females without corpora lutea weighed 0.22±0.02 g on the right and 0.20±0.01 g on the left and accounted for 0.03±0.01% of body weight. All corpora lutea (n=6) were found in the right ovary, but in cases where there was no corpus luteum present, the right ovary tended to be heavier than the left (P=0.1). The absence of ovarian bursa, intercornual ligament and suburethral diverticle is peculiar to this deer species. Only 6 convex caruncles were found in the uterine horns, which differ from the more of 100 present in domestic ruminants. Four regular folds that were observed in the cervix of the uterus should not be an obstacle to the passage of a transcervical catheter, allowing intrauterine artificial insemination. The close relationship between the ovarian artery and vein stood up could be associated with the passage of the uterine luteolytic factor from the vein to the ovarian artery, avoiding its systemic way, as happens in domestic ruminants. While the plan of organization was similar, there are some differences with the descriptions of other ruminants. Our results may be very useful as it provides with information that may be considered for the development of female reproductive biotechnologies.

[Trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis. Overall functional hand assessment]. / Artrodesis trapeciometacarpiana: evaluación funcional global de la mano.

Trapeziometacarpal arthrosis is a degenerative condition described by Fostier in 1937. Osteoarthrosis of the trapeziometacarpal joint is a common condition among postmenopausal women; mean age of individuals affected by this disease is 64 years. The male:female ratio is 1:10; 33% of patients have a bilateral component. This study was conducted at Lomas Verdes Traumatology and Orthopedics UMAE hospital, hand surgery module, between March and December 2006. Descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective study including a total of 18 patients, 12 females (66.6%) and 6 males (33.3%). Mean age is 49.3 years. Patients were clinically and radiographically diagnosed and classified by stages according to the Eaton classification. Surgery was performed more frequently in right hands, which were a total of 10 (55.6%), than left hands, which were 8 (44.4%). Surgery of the dominant hand was performed in 8 patients, 7 of them right handed, and one left handed. Arthrodesis with nails was performed in 12 patients (66.7%) and with a 2.0 condylar plate in 6 (33.3%). Mean operative time was 52.8 minutes. Eleven patients were found to have primary arthrosis, and 7 had posttraumatic arthrosis: 2 due to untreated Benett fractures, one due to a healed trapezius fracture and 4 patients had recurrent dislocation. As regards their occupation, 12 were employees, 5 were housewives and one was unemployed. The concomitant conditions found included: 9 without disease, 7 with hypertension, 7 diabetes mellitus, and one had rheumatoid arthritis. Two patients were reoperated (11.1%) due to pseudoarthrosis. In one of them a new arthrodesis was performed 18 months later, which failed and 8 months later triscaphoid arthrodesis was performed with a 10-week healing time. Trapeziometacarpal arthrodesis is a procedure involving a certain difficulty due to the anatomic conformation of the joint, which results in the various complications that have already been described. It provides pain relief; it is a good option for people who need to resume a type of work requiring the use of force; a longer follow-up is required to determine the course of these patients.

Factores que inciden en la compra de alimentos en distintos ámbitos de comercialización y su relación con la implementación de educación alimentaria nutricional (EAN) / Factors influencing the purchase of foods in different marketing settings, and their relation to the implementation of food and nutrition education (FNE)

La Educación Alimentaria Nutricional (EAN) promueve la adquisición por parte de la población de conductas saludables permanentes relativas a la producción, selección, compra, preparación y utilización de alimentos, valiéndose de variados espacios sociales. Los canales minoristas de comercialización de alimentos urbanos –categorizados en dos grandes grupos: ferias/mercados y supermercados/hipermercados- constituyen espacios potenciales para la EAN, con diferencias importantes entre ellos. Los primeros ofrecerían canales de comunicación interpersonales más directos que los segundos. Ambos canales proponen un desafío en cuanto a estrategias y redes comunicacionales alternativas. Los dos escenarios están siendo estudiados para conocer y comprendermotivaciones, conductas, hábitos, orientaciones en las acciones, valores, conocimientos sobre hábitos de alimentación saludables y nutrición; canales de comunicación utilizados; información provista por consumidores y vendedores sobre conductas alimentarias y nutricionales; factores determinantes de la compra de alimentos para, a partir de esos insumos, proponer el desarrollo de posibles intervenciones de EAN. En el marco de un estudio cualitativo exploratorio y descriptivo, trabajando con datos de fuente primaria obtenidos mediante distintas técnicas cualitativas de investigación (observaciones, entrevistas) se plantea como objetivo general identificar y caracterizar distintos factores que influyen en el proceso de selección y compra de alimentos en canales minoristas de comercialización de Capital Federal con la finalidad de plantear acciones posibles de Educación Alimentaria. Se considera que existen diferencias significativas entre estos dos tipos de canales de comercialización y en los clientes que predominantemente concurren a unos y a otros comercios...

Factores que inciden en la compra de alimentos en distintos ámbitos de comercialización y su relación con la implementación de educación alimentaria nutricional (EAN) / Factors influencing the purchase of foods in different marketing settings, and their relation to the implementation of food and nutrition education (FNE)

La Educación Alimentaria Nutricional (EAN) promueve la adquisición por parte de la población de conductas saludables permanentes relativas a la producción, selección, compra, preparación y utilización de alimentos, valiéndose de variados espacios sociales. Los canales minoristas de comercialización de alimentos urbanos ¹categorizados en dos grandes grupos: ferias/mercados y supermercados/hipermercados- constituyen espacios potenciales para la EAN, con diferencias importantes entre ellos. Los primeros ofrecerían canales de comunicación interpersonales más directos que los segundos. Ambos canales proponen un desafío en cuanto a estrategias y redes comunicacionales alternativas. Los dos escenarios están siendo estudiados para conocer y comprendermotivaciones, conductas, hábitos, orientaciones en las acciones, valores, conocimientos sobre hábitos de alimentación saludables y nutrición; canales de comunicación utilizados; información provista por consumidores y vendedores sobre conductas alimentarias y nutricionales; factores determinantes de la compra de alimentos para, a partir de esos insumos, proponer el desarrollo de posibles intervenciones de EAN. En el marco de un estudio cualitativo exploratorio y descriptivo, trabajando con datos de fuente primaria obtenidos mediante distintas técnicas cualitativas de investigación (observaciones, entrevistas) se plantea como objetivo general identificar y caracterizar distintos factores que influyen en el proceso de selección y compra de alimentos en canales minoristas de comercialización de Capital Federal con la finalidad de plantear acciones posibles de Educación Alimentaria. Se considera que existen diferencias significativas entre estos dos tipos de canales de comercialización y en los clientes que predominantemente concurren a unos y a otros comercios...(AU)

Satisfaccion del control y alivio del dolor en usuarios postoperados hospitalizados / Control and pain relief satisfaction in postoperative hospital users

Introducción: Es una evidencia innegable que el dolor es uno de los principales problemas que enfrenta el usuario post quirúrgico en el ámbito hospitalario; sin embargo; es poco lo que sabemos sobre la satisfacción del usuario con la atención recibida que es clave en la mejora de la calidad asistencial. El propósito de la investigación fue conocer la Satisfacción del control y Alivio del Dolor en Usuarios Postoperados hospitalizados en las instituciones de salud de H. Matamoros; Tamaulipas. Metodología. El diseño fue de tipo descriptivo; trasversal. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia la muestra estuvo conformada por de 30 usuarios hospitalizados Postoperados. Se utilizó el instrumento de la Asociación Americana del Dolor; siendo este un instrumento validado y confiable. Se utilizó estadísticas descriptivas; Resultados El 96.7% de los usuario mostraron estar totalmente satisfecho en el control y alivio del dolor. Discusión y Conclusiones Los resultados obtenidos mostraron algo de dolor de acuerdo a su experiencia en el posoperatorio en los sujetos de estudio. Respecto a la satisfacción del paciente al control y alivio del dolor se encontró que fue totalmente satisfecho; así como también su nivel de satisfacción con respecto al cuidado de enfermería considerando al paciente como una persona que experimenta el dolor.

Introduction: The purpose of the investigation was to know the Satisfaction and the experience of the control and Relief of the Pain in post operated users and hospitalized in the institutions of health of H. Matamoros, Tamaulipas. Methodology. The design was of descriptive, traverse type. The sampling was probability for convenience; the sample was conformed out of 30 hospitalized post operated users. The instrument of the American Association of the Pain was used, being this a validated and reliable instrument. Results. Descriptive statistics were used, 73.3% corresponds to female, and the age of those interviewed was of 31-35 in 23.3%, in regards to the marital status most pointed out to be married or have moved in. 96.7% showed to be completely satisfied with the control and relief of the pain. The experience of the pain of those subjects of study was of 63.3% referring some pain. Discussion and Conclusions. Galician et al agree with the data obtained regarding the users satisfaction of the control and relief of the pain.Contrary to Peñarrieta's report et al, when having experienced the worst pain.

High-performance liquid chromatography method to measure alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in leaves, flowers and fresh beans from Moringa oleifera.

A high-performance liquid chromatography method for the microscale determination of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in leaves, flowers and fresh beans from Moringa oleifera is reported. The method includes microscale saponification and extraction with n-hexane. Optimized conditions for reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection were as follows: column, 25 cm x 0.46 cm, Exil ODS 5-microm; column temperature, 25 degrees C; mobile phase, a 20:80 (v/v) mixture of methanol:acetonitrile; flow rate, 1.0 ml/min. With these conditions, method precision (relative standard deviation) was 5.6% for alpha-tocopherol and 4.9% for gamma-tocopherol. We used this method to measure alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in samples from M. oleifera as part of nutritional studies in edible plants cultivated in the Northwest México.

Influence of fasting on the effects of ischemic preconditioning in the ischemic-reperfused rat heart.

The effects of fasting and ischemic preconditioning (IP) on heart function of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts exposed to 25 min global ischemia plus 30 min reperfusion (RP), were correlated with lactate release and tissue-levels of long-chain acyl carnitine (LCCa) and CoA (LCCoA). IP was achieved by a 3 min ischemia plus a 5 min reperfusion cycle. Creatine kinase leakage was measured to assess the extent of cardiac injury. Fasting reduced the ischemic-induced contracture, improved RP recovery of mechanical function, reduced lactate release and increased the end-ischemia LCCoA and LCCa levels. Both in the fed and the fasted rat hearts IP delayed the pacemaker depression, reduced the amplitude of ischemic contracture and improved the RP recovery of contraction. However, IP reduced creatine kinase and lactate release only in the fed rat hearts. IP had no effects on tissue LCCa and LCCoA in both groups. These data suggest that: 1) beneficial effects of fasting may be ascribed, at least in part, to a reduced lactate production which may attenuate ischemic myocyte acidification and to the accumulation of fatty acyl esters which would favour citric acid cycle replenishment during RP. 2) beneficial effects of IP could be in part explained by the reduction of lactate production in the fed group although data obtained with the fasted rat heart indicate that another mechanisms must also be involved in the effects of IP. 3) accumulation of LCCoA and LCCa is not involved in the noxious effects of ischemia as well as in the protection effected by IP.

Functional and molecular characterization of the K-Cl cotransporter of Xenopus laevis oocytes.

The K-Cl cotransporters (KCCs) have a broad range of physiological roles, in a number of cells and species. We report here that Xenopus laevis oocytes express a K-Cl cotransporter with significant functional and molecular similarity to mammalian KCCs. Under isotonic conditions, defolliculated oocytes exhibit a Cl(-)-dependent (86)Rb(+) uptake mechanism after activation by the cysteine-reactive compounds N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and mercuric chloride (HgCl(2)). The activation of this K-Cl cotransporter by cell swelling is prevented by inhibition of protein phosphatase-1 with calyculin A; NEM activation of the transporter was not blocked by phosphatase inhibition. Kinetic characterization reveals apparent values for the Michaelis-Menten constant of 27.7 +/- 3.0 and 15.4 +/- 4.7 mM for Rb(+) and Cl(-), respectively, with an anion selectivity for K(+) transport of Cl(-) = PO(4)(3-) = Br(-) > I(-) > SCN(-) > gluconate. The oocyte K-Cl cotransporter was sensitive to several inhibitors, including loop diuretics, with apparent half-maximal inhibition values of 200 and 500 microM for furosemide and bumetanide, respectively. A partial cDNA encoding the Xenopus K-Cl cotransporter was cloned from oocyte RNA; the corresponding transcript is widely expressed in Xenopus tissues. The predicted COOH-terminal protein fragment exhibited particular homology to the KCC1/KCC3 subgroup of the mammalian KCCs, and the functional characteristics are the most similar to those of KCC1 (Mercado A, Song L, Vazquez N, Mount DB, and Gamba G. J Biol Chem 275: 30326--30334, 2000).