[Arterial hypertension and sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in primary care]. / Hipertensión arterial y síndrome de apneas-hipoapneas del sueño en atención primaria.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is frequent in hypertensive patients and plays a role in a greater incidence of cardiovascular morbidity-mortality. This study aims to know the clinical profile of hypertensive patients with SAHS compared to hypertensive patients without SAHS to know which variables should be used to orient their screening from primary care. METHODOLOGY: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study of cases (hypertensive patients with SAHS) and controls (hypertensive patients without) was performed in an urban health care center. Based on a computerized registry of the site, patients diagnosed of SAHS and hypertension over 30 years of age were selected. For each case, one control case of hypertensive patients without SAHS paired by age and gender was randomly obtained. RESULTS: A total of 64 cases and 64 controls were selected. Standing out in the bivariate analysis were greater BMI (34.3±12.8 vs. 28.6±3.6), predominance of obesity (70.3 vs. 35.9%), metabolic syndrome (77.3 vs. 42.2%), consumption of psychopharmaceuticals (19.7 vs. 7.8%) and anithypertensive drugs (26.5 vs. 14.0%), ischemic heart disease (20.3 vs. 9.4%) in the case group versus control group (P<.05 for all the variables). The multivariate analysis showed that only the presence of metabolic syndrome was related with the presence of SAHS in hypertensive patients (OR 4.65; 95% CI: 2.03-10.64; P<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Screening for SAHS should be performed in hypertensive patients seen in primary care if they have metabolic syndrome criteria.

Hipertensión arterial y síndrome de apneas-hipoapneas del sueño en atención primaria / Arterial hypertension and sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome in primary care

Introducción y objetivos: El síndrome de apneas-hipoapneas del sueño (SAHS) es frecuente en pacientes hipertensos e influye en una mayor incidencia de morbimortalidad cardiovascular. El objetivo es conocer cuál es el perfil clínico de hipertensos con SAHS en comparación con hipertensos sin SAHS para conocer qué variables han de permitir orientar su cribado desde Atención Primaria. Metodología: Estudio observacional retrospectivo descriptivo de casos (hipertensos con SAHS) y controles (hipertensos sin SAHS), realizado en un centro de salud urbano. A partir del registro informatizado del centro se seleccionó a los pacientes diagnosticados de SAHS e hipertensión mayores de 30 años. Por cada caso se obtuvo, aleatoriamente y apareando por edad y sexo, hipertensos sin SAHS. Resultados: Se seleccionaron 64 casos y 64 controles. En el análisis bivariante destacaba un mayor IMC (34,3 ± 12,8 vs. 28,6 ± 3,6), predominio de obesidad (70,3 vs. 35,9%), síndrome metabólico (77,3 vs. 42,2%), consumo de psicofármacos (19,7 vs. 7,8%) y antihipertensivos (26,5 vs. 14,0%), cardiopatía isquémica (20,3 vs. 9,4%) en el grupo de casos respecto al grupo controles (p < 0,05 para todas las variables). El análisis multivariante mostró que únicamente presentar síndrome metabólico se relacionaba con la presencia de SAHS en hipertensos (OR 4,65; IC 95%: 2,03-10,64; p < 0,001). Conclusiones: En hipertensos atendidos en Atención Primaria se debería realizar el cribado de SAHS si presentan criterios de síndrome metabólico

Introduction and objectives: Sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is frequent in hypertensive patients and plays a role in a greater incidence of cardiovascular morbidity-mortality. This study aims to know the clinical profile of hypertensive patients with SAHS compared to hypertensive patients without SAHS to know which variables should be used to orient their screening from primary care. Methodology: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study of cases (hypertensive patients with SAHS) and controls (hypertensive patients without) was performed in an urban health care center. Based on a computerized registry of the site, patients diagnosed of SAHS and hypertension over 30 years of age were selected. For each case, one control case of hypertensive patients without SAHS paired by age and gender was randomly obtained. Results: A total of 64 cases and 64 controls were selected. Standing out in the bivariate analysis were greater BMI (34.3 ± 12.8 vs. 28.6 ± 3.6), predominance of obesity (70.3 vs. 35.9%), metabolic syndrome (77.3 vs. 42.2%), consumption of psychopharmaceuticals (19.7 vs. 7.8%) and anithypertensive drugs (26.5 vs. 14.0%), ischemic heart disease (20.3 vs. 9.4%) in the case group versus control group (P<.05 for all the variables). The multivariate analysis showed that only the presence of metabolic syndrome was related with the presence of SAHS in hypertensive patients (OR 4.65; 95% CI: 2.03-10.64; P<.001). Conclusions: Screening for SAHS should be performed in hypertensive patients seen in primary care if they have metabolic syndrome criteria

Sporotrichosis: an update.

Sporotrichosis is the most frequent and worldwide distributed subcutaneous mycoses. The aim of this article is to review the most recent aspects of sporotrichosis about its epidemiology, etiologic agents, mycologic characteristics, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. The causative agents of sporotrichosis belong to five well defined species of dimorphic fungi of the called Sporothrix schenckii complex. Sporotrichosis and its etiologic agents have specific endemic areas, but it is possible to find epidemics of the disease in practically every continent, the entrance via is cutaneous due to the inoculation of the fungi into the skin after a traumatism and less frequent due to respiratory way. Clinical manifestations are widely variable, with important involvement of the skin and the superficial lymphatic system, but also with affection of the mucosa and some organs like lungs, bones and joints. Nowadays sporotrichosis is considered a true zoonosis with important changes related to the endemic areas and the ecologic features of the causative pathogens. The therapy of choice is the potassium iodide (KI), but other alternatives are itraconazole, terbinafine, thermotherapy and in severe cases amphotericin B. The importance of the recognition of the clinical manifestations of the disease in some non-endemic areas helps to challenge the diagnosis and give an accurate therapy.

Rhinocladiella aquaspersa, proven agent of verrucous skin infection and a novel type of chromoblastomycosis.

We report a case of chromoblastomycosis which resembled sporotrichosis due to the presence of warty nodules and lymphatic distribution on the forearm in a 56-year-old male. Mycological and histopathological investigation of exudates and biopsy tissue samples revealed a granulomatous lesion with muriform cells, the hallmark of chromoblastomycosis. The infection showed only localized expansion with verrucous plaques suggesting a new clinical type of the disease. The causative agent was identified as Rhinocladiella aquaspersa. This case prompted a study of the clinical spectrum of R. aquaspersa, through which we identified a second case caused by this fungus in a 62-year-old Brazilian female. The case was unusual in that R. aquaspersa exhibited hyphae rather than muriform cells in tissue. Given the difficulties treating chromoblastomycosis and other infections caused by melanized fungi, we evaluated the in vitro activities of extended-spectrum triazoles, amphotericin B, and echinocandins against these clinical isolates of R. aquaspersa. Itraconazole (MIC; 0.063 mg/l) and posaconazole (MIC; 0.125 mg/l) had the highest in vitro activities, while voriconazole and isavuconazole had somewhat lower activities (MICs; 2 mg/l) against the isolates. Amphotericin B and anidulafungin each had an MIC of 1 mg/l, whereas the MIC of caspofungin was 8 mg/l.