Exploring eye-tracking data as an indicator of situational awareness in nursing students during a cardiorespiratory arrest simulation.

AIM: To examine the components of visual attention that maintain situational awareness during simulation training in undergraduate nursing students with different instruction levels. BACKGROUND: Eye-tracking can provide deep insight into the nurses' attention during simulated practice. Knowing which gaze patterns promote situational awareness can significantly improve nurse instruction. DESIGN: A comparative observational study investigated the role of visual attention on the performance quality, psychophysiological parameters (vital signs, anxiety and stress) and socioemotional competencies (cognitive workload, motivation and self-efficacy) of nursing students with various experience levels. METHODS: Thirty nursing students divided into two groups according to their academic level: first cycle (n=14) and second-cycle (n=16) faced a clinical simulation scenario to resolve a cardiorespiratory arrest event. Eye tracking-based analysis required the selection of six areas of interest. The monitorization of vital signs included measuring blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation before and after the simulation practice. Participants completed the socioemotional questionnaire (NASA-TLX). They answered the state subscale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of stress, the Situational Motivation Scale (SIMS) and the Baessler and Schwarzer General Self-Efficacy Scale. RESULTS: The first-cycle group displayed higher vital sign scores than the second cycle, apart from the post-simulation respiratory rate. All physiological parameters increased in mean value after the clinical simulation, except oxygen saturation. Anxiety was the only parameter in the socioemotional domain to present a statistically significant difference between the groups. First-year nursing students showed greater anxiety, stress, mental workload, identified regulation and intrinsic motivation, while second-year students showed higher levels of amotivation, external regulation and perceived self-efficacy. Eye-tracking data (revisits, gaze and duration of fixations) exhibited statistically significant differences depending on the area of interest in both groups (p =. 05). The performance outcomes showed a negative and moderate association with gaze the total number of gazes in the second-cycle group (rho = -0.640, p = 0.010). CONCLUSION: Eye-tracking-based analysis can help to predict performance quality while maintaining situational awareness during nursing instruction.

Impact of a COVID-19 Outbreak in an Elderly Care Home after Primary Vaccination.

Elderly care home residents are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 due to immune-senescence, pre-existing medical conditions, and the risk of transmission from staff and visitors. This study aimed to describe the outcomes of a COVID-19 outbreak in a long-term care facility for elderly persons following the initial vaccination. A single-center, retrospective, observational design was used to analyze the variables associated with hospitalization and death rate by logistic regression. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Sixty-eight residents received the first dose of the COVID-19 vaccine. Despite being negative six days after vaccination, the performance of a second test 4 days later revealed 51 positives (75.0%) among residents and 18 among workers (56.3%). A total of 65 of the 68 residents (95.58%) had positive results with symptoms, whereas 34.9% required hospitalization, and 25.8% died. The best-fitting model to explain the distribution of cases reflects three points at the time of infection.. The time from vaccination to symptom onset explains the hospitalization and mortality rates since a day elapsed halves the risk of hospitalization (aOR = 0.57; CI = 0.38-0.75) and the risk of death by a quarter (aOR = 0.74; CI = 0.63-0.88). Nursing homes present an elevated risk of transmission and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although vaccination reduces the risk of hospitalization and death, extreme prevention and control measures are essential in these institutions despite the high vaccination coverage.

Obesidad, nivel de actividad física y calidad del sueño en enfermería: un estudio descriptivo analítico / Obesity, physical activity level and sleep qualitity on nursing: an analytical descriptive study

Objetivo: describir el índice de masa corporal, el nivel de actividad física, la calidad del sueño y la relación entre ellos, en las enfermeras/os colegiadas en la provincia de Ávila. Método: estudio analítico descriptivo transversal. Se utilizó un cuestionario en el que se recogían datos sociodemográficos, el índice de masa corporal, cuestionario internacional de actividad física (IPAQ) y cuestionario de índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburg (PSQI), de aquellas enfermeras/os colegiadas en la provincia de Ávila que participaron voluntariamente en el estudio. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el paquete estadístico SPSS v 26. Resultados: el 32,18% presentó algún tipo de exceso de peso, observándose una relación directa con la edad (p=0,022). El 8,47% de la muestra presentó un nivel bajo de actividad física. Se observó relación entre la edad y la actividad física intensa (p=0,042), siendo los hombres los que dedicaron mayor frecuencia y duración (p=0,040 y 0,034 respectivamente). El 55,08% de los participantes fueron “malos dormidores”. Se observó una relación significativa entre la edad y la necesidad del uso del wc y sentir demasiado calor (p=0,025 y 0,004 respectivamente), y el uso de medicación (p=0,002). Conclusiones: los niveles de índice de masa corporal, la práctica de actividad física y la calidad del sueño están estrechamente relacionados, ya que las enfermeras/os que estaban en normopeso fueron quienes presentaron un nivel alto de actividad física, y mejor calidad del sueño. (AU)

The aim of this study is to describe Body Mass Index, phisical activity level and the sleep quality of nursing staff from Ávila, as well as analyze the relationship of them. Method: an analytical cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted collecting socio-demographic as well as Body Mass Index (BMI), Intenational Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) of Avila`s nurses who voluntarity participate. PSPP was used for statistic analyse. Results: 32,18% were somehow, overweighted. A lineal relationship was found between BMI and age (p=0,022). 8,47% registered a low phisical activity level. There was a líneal relationship between age and intense phisical activity (p=0,042) and gender, where men spent more frecuency and duration to phisical activity (p=0,040 and 0,034 respectively). 55,08% of the sample were classified as “bad sleepers”. A significant association was found between age and the use of wc and feeling too hot (p= 0,025 and 0,004 respectively), and the need of sleeping pills (p=0,002). Conclusion: althoug the research results are not conclusive, it seems BMI levels, PA practice and sleep queality are closely associated, our Avila`s nursing staff sample proper weighted, practiced high PA level and also reported better sleep quality. (AU)

Using Task-Evoked Pupillary Response to Predict Clinical Performance during a Simulation Training.

Training in healthcare skills can be affected by trainees' workload when completing a task. Due to cognitive processing demands being negatively correlated to clinical performance, assessing mental workload through objective measures is crucial. This study aimed to investigate task-evoked changes in pupil size as reliable markers of mental workload and clinical performance. A sample of 49 nursing students participated in a cardiac arrest simulation-based practice. Measurements of cognitive demands (NASA-Task Load Index), physiological parameters (blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and heart rate), and pupil responses (minimum, maximum, and difference diameters) throughout revealed statistically significant differences according to performance scores. The analysis of a multiple regression model produced a statistically significant pattern between pupil diameter differences and heart rate, systolic blood pressure, workload, and performance (R2 = 0.280; F (6, 41) = 2.660; p < 0.028; d = 2.042). Findings suggest that pupil variations are promising markers to complement physiological metrics for predicting mental workload and clinical performance in medical practice.

Identification of cohesive subgroups in a university hall of residence during the COVID-19 pandemic using a social network analysis approach.

THE AIMS: (i) analyze connectivity between subgroups of university students, (ii) assess which bridges of relational contacts are essential for connecting or disconnecting subgroups and (iii) to explore the similarities between the attributes of the subgroup nodes in relation to the pandemic context. During the COVID-19 pandemic, young university students have experienced significant changes in their relationships, especially in the halls of residence. Previous research has shown the importance of relationship structure in contagion processes. However, there is a lack of studies in the university setting, where students live closely together. The case study methodology was applied to carry out a descriptive study. The participation consisted of 43 university students living in the same hall of residence. Social network analysis has been applied for data analysis. Factions and Girvan-Newman algorithms have been applied to detect the existing cohesive subgroups. The UCINET tool was used for the calculation of the SNA measure. A visualization of the global network will be carried out using Gephi software. After applying the Girvan-Newman and Factions, in both cases it was found that the best division into subgroups was the one that divided the network into 4 subgroups. There is high degree of cohesion within the subgroups and a low cohesion between them. The relationship between subgroup membership and gender was significant. The degree of COVID-19 infection is related to the degree of clustering between the students. College students form subgroups in their residence. Social network analysis facilitates an understanding of structural behavior during the pandemic. The study provides evidence on the importance of gender, race and the building where they live in creating network structures that favor, or not, contagion during a pandemic.

Effectiveness of Oral Sensory-Motor Stimulation in Premature Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Systematic Review.

The aim of this study was to identify and to assess the best evidence currently available on the effectiveness of oral sensory-motor stimulation in preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. We performed a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) statements. The search was conducted using the Pubmed, Web of Science (WOS), PEDro and Scopus databases. Clinical trials were reviewed and PEDro rating scale was used to assess the methodological quality of these studies. Results: 1267 studies were found and 11 were relevant and included in this review. Improvements were obtained in achieving independent feeding, maturation of the sucking pattern, transition to full feeding, motor function and length of hospital stay in most studies. Conclusions: there is evidence to support the benefits of the use of oral sensorimotor stimulation to achieve independent oral feeding in preterm infants, thereby reducing their stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Effect of Psychophysiological Stress and Socio-Emotional Competencies on the Clinical Performance of Nursing Students during a Simulation Practice.

Psychophysiological stress can affect the cognitive response and effective learning of students during medical simulation practices. This study aimed to explore the effect of psychophysiological stress and socio-emotional competencies on clinical performance during a simulation experience. A pre-test/post-test design was used to assess physiological (blood pressure, heart rate and blood oxygen saturation) and psychological parameters (stress and anxiety) as well as socio-emotional skills (cognitive load, self-efficacy and motivation) in nursing students (n = 40) before and after the simulation of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation practice. Physiological responses showed statistically significant differences between pre-test and post-test conditions for blood pressure and heart rate (p < 0.0001). Moderate and significant correlations were also observed when comparing self-efficacy with stress (r = -0.445, p = 0.004), anxiety (r = -0.467, p = 0.002) and motivation (r = -0.406, p = 0.009) measures. Similarly, cognitive-load dimensions were significantly associated with either physiological (r = -0.335, p = 0.034) or psychological (r = -0.448, p = 0.004) indicators. The analysis of multiple regression models revealed a relationship between the effectiveness of the simulated experience, post-test blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, workload and self-efficacy (R2 = 0.490; F (3, 39) = 8.305; p < 0.0001; d = 1.663). Therefore, the evaluation of psychophysiological parameters and socio-emotional skills seems to provide a promising framework for predicting the quality of simulated clinical practices.

Specific Competencies of Prehospital Emergency Nursing: The Views of Spanish University Professors.

BACKGROUND: The guarantee of nursing competence in prehospital urgent care requires the identification and delimitation of the specific competencies. This work describes the importance attributed by professors of Spanish universities to the competencies of prehospital nursing positions and indicates the most appropriate training level required to achieve them. METHOD: The current work consisted of a survey with an online questionnaire. Sixty competencies over 10 domains were studied. RESULTS: The most valued domains were those of general and personal competencies. The competencies considered most important were "Recognizes the vital risk and knows how to perform basic and advanced life support maneuvers" and "Provides quality health care." The nursing degree is considered appropriate to train students to the required level in only eight competencies. CONCLUSION: The proposed competencies can be considered as specific competencies necessary in prehospital emergency nursing. Effective performance requires training to a higher level than a nursing degree. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2020;51(12):556-567.].

Effect of Facial Skin Temperature on the Perception of Anxiety: A Pilot Study.

The extent of anxiety and psychological stress can impact upon the optimal performance of simulation-based practices. The current study investigates the association between differences in skin temperature and perceived anxiety by under- (n = 21) and post-graduate (n = 19) nursing students undertaking a cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training. Thermal facial gradients from selected facial regions were correlated with the scores assessed by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the chest compression quality parameters measured using mannequin-integrated accelerometer sensors. A specific temperature profile was obtained depending on thermal facial variations before and after the simulation event. Statistically significant correlations were found between STAI scale scores and the temperature facial recordings in the forehead (r = 0.579; p < 0.000), periorbital (r = 0.394; p < 0.006), maxillary (r = 0.328; p < 0.019) and neck areas (r = 0.284; p < 0.038). Significant associations were also observed by correlating CPR performance parameters with the facial temperature values in the forehead (r = 0.447; p < 0.002), periorbital (r = 0.446; p < 0.002) and maxillary areas (r = 0.422; p < 0.003). These preliminary findings suggest that higher anxiety levels result in poorer clinical performance and can be correlated to temperature variations in certain facial regions.

Análisis de las competencias específicas de la Enfermería de urgencias pre-hospitalarias en España / Analysis of the specific skills of pre-hospital emergency nurses in Spain

OBJETIVO: explorar la importancia que los profesionales de Enfermería de urgencia pre-hospitalaria otorgan a las competencias del puesto, así como a la formación necesaria para adquirir dichas competencias. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo transversal sobre profesionales de Enfermería de asistencia pre-hospitalaria de las gerencias de emergencias de toda España. Se diseñó, atendiendo a la literatura y al criterio de expertos, un cuestionario autoadministrado ad hoc online, compuesto por 60 competencias distribuidas en 10 dominios (cada competencia era valorada en una escala Likert de 1 a 5 [mejor valoración]). Variables independientes: edad, sexo, tipo de recurso en el que desarrolla su actividad asistencial, nivel formativo en urgencias, duración del título de postgrado y experiencia laboral. Análisis bivariante con pruebas no paramétricas (U de Mann-Whitney y el test de Kruskal-Wallis). RESULTADOS: se obtuvieron 91 respuestas. Las tres competencias mejor valoradas fueron "Ejecutar maniobras de soporte vital" (media: 4,85), "Poseer una actitud de cooperación para el trabajo en equipo" (media: 4,77) y "Exigencia de formación y actualización profesional permanente" (media: 4,74). La importancia atribuida mostró diferencias significativas según sexo en ocho competencias, según tipo de recurso asistencial en el que desempeña su actividad profesional en siete competencias, y según la duración de la formación de postgrado en cuatro competencias. El nivel formativo de postgrado se perfiló como imprescindible. CONCLUSIONES: la importancia atribuida combina, con mayor puntuación, la competencia técnica de ejecutar maniobras de soporte vital, la competencia no técnica de actitud cooperativa con el equipo y la exigencia de formación permanente. La eficacia en el desempeño exige formación de nivel superior al Grado

OBJECTIVE: to explore the importance assigned by pre-hospital emergency nursing professionals to competence in their position, as well as to the training needed to acquire said skills. METHOD: a descriptive cross-sectional study on pre-hospital care nursing professionals from the emergency managements throughout Spain. An ad-hoc self-administered online questionnaire was designed, considering literature and criteria by experts, and consisting of 60 skills distributed into 10 domains (each skill was valued through a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (best valued)). Independent variables: age, gender, type of setting where the activity of care is conducted, training level in emergencies, duration of the post-graduate degree, and work experience. Bivariate analysis was conducted with non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney's U and Kruskal-Wallis test). RESULTS: in total, 91 answers were retrieved. The three best valued skills were: "Conducting life support manoeuvres" (mean: 4.85), "Having a cooperative attitude for team work"" (mean: 4.77) and "Demand for permanent professional training and update" (mean: 4.74). The importance assigned showed significant differences according to gender in eight skills, depending on type of care setting where they conducted their professional activity in seven skills, and according to the duration of postgraduate training in four skills. Postgraduate training level was considered essential. CONCLUSIONS: the importance assigned combines, with a higher score, the technical skill of conducting life support manoeuvres, the non-technical skill of a cooperative attitude with the team, and the demand for permanent training. Efficacy in performance demands training beyond Degree

A Narrative Review of the Description of Training Profiles Used for Emergency Nursing Care Worldwide.

BACKGROUND: This study describes the training profiles of emergency care nurses worldwide, which can serve as a guide for training these professionals. METHOD: A narrative review was developed. RESULTS: Five training profiles were identified, according to the requirements of undergraduate, postgraduate, complementary training, and previous work experience within the training itineraries of emergency nursing worldwide. CONCLUSION: The most appropriate level of training for emergency nursing is the 1-year postgraduate level (academic or specialty). The description of these profiles can guide the regulatory organizations and professionals regarding the most appropriate training requirements for effective, safe, and adjusted care assistance. [J Contin Educ Nurs. 2019;50(12):543-550.].

Burnout y engagement en estudiantes universitarios de enfermería / Burnout and engagement among university nursing students

Los universitarios se encuentran sometidos a cargas académicas prolongadas que ocuparan la mayor parte de su tiempo. La capacidad para hacer frente a estas situaciones de estrés durante su formación, dependerá ente otras cosas, de la disposición personal para afrontar las demandas académicas. Objetivo: Describir el nivel de burnout (agotamiento, cinismo y eficacia académica) y el compromiso académico a través de la variable engagement (absorción, dedicación y vigor), además de analizar las asociaciones, relaciones y predicciones entre estas variables en estudiantes de Enfermería. Material y método. Estudio descriptivo transversal en 1009 sujetos. Instrumentos de recogida de datos: Maslach Burnout Inventory y Utrech Work Engagement en versión estudiantes. Resultados: Las dimensiones del burnout y engagement correlacionan entre sí. A mayor eficacia académica menos agotamiento y cinismo y mayor puntuación en todas las dimensiones del engagement académico. El vigor y la dedicación predicen puntuaciones más altas en eficacia académica. Las mujeres se perciben con puntuaciones más bajas en cinismo y más altas en eficacia académica, absorción y dedicación. Conclusiones: Los alumnos muestran más burnout cuando manifiestan altas puntuaciones de agotamiento y cinismo y bajas en eficacia académica, además valores altos en las tres dimensiones del engagement indican alto compromiso con sus estudios. La relación entre estas variables pone de manifiesto la diferencia entre hombres y mujeres y la influencia positiva del engagement en la eficacia académica del estudiante. El fomento de engagement puede ser una oportunidad para superar las tareas académicas y para enfrentarse al mundo laboral con mayor probabilidad de éxito

University students are tasked with a protracted academic workload that occupies the greater part of their time. Their ability to cope with the stress this entails during their degree course will partly depend on their personal response to these academic demands. Objective: to describe nursing students’ level of burnout (exhaustion, cynicism and academic efficacy) and academic engagement through the variable engagement (absorption, dedication and vigour), and to analyse associations, relations and predictions between these variables. Materials and method: cross-sectional descriptive study with 1009 subjects. Data collection instruments: student versions of the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Results: the dimensions of burnout and engagement correlated with each other. The higher the score for academic efficacy, the lower the scores for exhaustion and cynicism and the higher the score in all dimensions of academic engagement. Vigour and dedication predicted higher scores for academic efficacy. Females' self-perceptions indicated lower scores for cynicism and higher scores for academic efficacy, absorption and dedication. Conclusions: students evidenced more burnout when they obtained high scores for exhaustion and cynicism and low scores for academic efficacy. In addition, high scores for the three dimensions of engagement indicated high commitment to their studies. The relationship between these variables indicates a difference between males and females and a positive influence of engagement on students' academic efficacy. Promoting engagement could help students to deal with academic tasks and enter the labour market with a greater probability of success

[Psychological distress in health sciences college students and its relationship with academic engagement]. / Malestar psicológico en estudiantes universitarios de ciencias de la salud y su relació con engagement academic.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of psychological distress and its relationship with academic engagement (absorption, dedication and vigor), sex and degree among students from four public universities. METHOD: A non-experimental,comparative correlational, quantitative investigation without intervention. STUDY POPULATION: 1840 nursing and physical therapy students. The data collection tool used was a questionnaire. RESULTS: A 32.2% prevalence of psychological distress was found in the subjects; a correlation between vigor and psychological distress was found for all of the subjects and also for women. High absorption and dedication scores and low psychological distress scores predicted higher vigor scores. CONCLUSION: The risk of psychological distress is high, especially for women. Women seem to have a higher level of psychological distress than men. Vigor, energy and mental resilience positively influence psychological distress and can be a vehicle for better results during the learning and studying process.

Psychological distress in health sciences college students and its relationship with academic engagement / Mal-estar psicológico em estudantes universitários de ciências da saúde e sua relação com o Engagement / Malestar psicológico en estudiantes universitarios de ciencias de la salud y su relación con engagement académico

Objective: To determine the prevalence of psychological distress and its relationship with academic engagement (absorption, dedication and vigor), sex and degree among students from four public universities. Method: A non-experimental,comparative correlational, quantitative investigation without intervention. Study population: 1840 nursing and physical therapy students. The data collection tool used was a questionnaire. Results: A 32.2% prevalence of psychological distress was found in the subjects; a correlation between vigor and psychological distress was found for all of the subjects and also for women. High absorption and dedication scores and low psychological distress scores predicted higher vigor scores. Conclusion: The risk of psychological distress is high, especially for women. Women seem to have a higher level of psychological distress than men. Vigor, energy and mental resilience positively influence psychological distress and can be a vehicle for better results during the learning and studying process.





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Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência do mal-estar psicológico e a sua relação com o engagement acadêmico (absorção, dedicação e vigor) e as variáveis ​​sexo e formação profissional em estudantes de quatro universidades públicas. Método: Investigação quantitativa sem intervenção, estudo não experimental e correlacional comparativo. A amostra foi constituída por 1.840 alunos de Enfermagem e Fisioterapia e o instrumento de coleta de dados foi o questionário. Resultados: A prevalência do mal-estar psicológico foi encontrada em 32,2% dos indivíduos; foram encontradas correlações entre vigor e mal-estar psicológico para o conjunto dos sujeitos, principalmente para o grupo das mulheres. A existência de escores elevados para dedicação e absorção, e baixos para mal-estar psicológico é preditora de pontuações mais elevadas em vigor. Conclusão: O risco de mal-estar psicológico é elevado, especialmente nas mulheres. Estas se percebem com maior mal-estar psicológico que os homens. O vigor, a energia e a resistência, aplicados na relação com os estudos influenciam positivamente o mal-estar psicológico e podem ser um veículo para melhores resultados de aprendizagem
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Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia del malestar psicológico y su relación con el engagement académico (absorción, dedicación y vigor) y con variables sexo y titulación, de los estudiantes de cuatro universidades públicas. Método: Estudio comparativo correlacional, investigación cuantitativa sin intervención, no experimental. Población 1840 estudiantes de Enfermería y Fisioterapia. La herramienta de recogida de datos fue el cuestionario. Resultados: Prevalencia de malestar psicológico en el 32.2% de los sujetos; se hallaron correlaciones entre vigor y malestar psicológico para el conjunto de sujetos y para el grupo de las mujeres. Las puntuaciones altas en absorción y dedicación y bajas en malestar psicológico, predicen valoraciones más altas en vigor. Conclusión: El riesgo de malestar psicológico es alto, especialmente para las mujeres. Éstas se perciben con mayor malestar psicológico que los hombres. El vigor, energía y resistencia con los estudios, influye positivamente sobre el malestar psicológico y puede ser un vehículo para unos mejores resultados del aprendizaje.
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Tobacco use amongst nursing and physiotherapy students: a cross sectional questionnaire survey.

AIM: The aim of this research was to evaluate the prevalence, knowledge and attitudes of tobacco use in the students of the School of Health Sciences in the Campus of Ponferrada (University of León, Spain). Two-hundred and sixty-six (88.3% of respondents) students were assessed by a confidential questionnaire, which was distributed, completed by the students and collected in the same session. METHODS: This was a descriptive quantitative survey research design to examine the tobacco use among nursing and physiotherapy students. RESULTS: The global prevalence was 29.3%. In relation to academic courses we have observed statistical significance (p=0.006). Therefore students increased tobacco use while their training at the school. Seventy (89.7%) of students were smokers prior to commencing degree. Nursing students declared were unfamiliar with strategies and methods to help people to quit. The first academic course students (78.6%) significantly differed (p=0.009) from second and third course. We have found scores statistically significant (p=0.04) about the students opinion about health professionals social role function. CONCLUSION: Tobacco consumption in university health students in the third year was higher than people aged 16-24 years old reported from the National Health Survey. The findings showed a great need to improve the curricular content in the area of tobacco including information, prevention, and treatment.

La soledad en los ancianos: plan de cuidados / Loneliness on elderly: nursing care method

Este estudio, resultado de una revisión bibliográfica y de discusión en grupo, es una propuesta para trabajar con un marco teórico que integre las clasificaciones NANDA de diagnósticos Enfermeros, NIC de intervenciones Enfermeras y NOC de resultados de Enfermería, para la aplicación de un plan de cuidados que solvente uno de los males más frecuentes en los ancianos: el sentimiento de soledad. Algunos de los resultados esperados que corresponden a los diagnósticos seleccionados son: bienestar, implicación social, habilidades de interacción social, participación en actividades de ocio y sus principales intervenciones. Consideramos que utilizar la metodología enfermera, integrando las diferentes taxonomías, es un buen método de trabajo para disminuir los sentimientos de soledad en los ancianos y lograr su independencia fomentando sus capacidades de forma individualizada e integral (AU)