Efecto de la acetona cianohidrina, un derivado de la yuca, sobre la actividad motora y la función renal y hepática en ratas Wistar / Effects of acetone cyanohydrin, a derivative of cassava, on motor activity and kidney and liver function in Wistar rats

Introducción: La acetona cianohidrina (ACH) es una sustancia tóxica resultante de la hidrólisis enzimática de linamarina, contenido en las raíces de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz); su consumo a largo plazo se asocia con 2 trastornos neurológicos: konzo y la neuropatía atáxica tropical. Estudios anteriores han evaluado las alteraciones conductuales después del consumo de esta sustancia, pero los efectos tóxicos sobre los procesos fisiológicos se desconocen. Método: Se asignaron 32 ratas Wistar macho a 4 grupos experimentales (n = 8): un grupo vehículo (solución salina 0,3 ml/rata, ip) y 3 grupos con ACH (PubChem CID: 6406) a concentraciones de 10, 15 y 20 mM, durante 28 días, cada 24 h. Se evaluó la actividad motora espontánea en campo abierto y la coordinación motora en pruebas de rotarod y nado a 0, 7, 14, 21 y 28 días de tratamiento. Al final de las pruebas conductuales (día 28) se tomaron muestras de sangre por punción transcardiaca para evaluar la función renal y hepática. Resultados: La ACH promovió alteraciones en la actividad locomotora y promovió tanto el nado lateral como la conducta de giro en la prueba de nado los días 21 y 28 del tratamiento. La ACH incrementó los parámetros de la función renal y hepática de una manera dependiente de la concentración, excepto la glucosa y la bilirrubina total. Conclusión: Estos datos indican que el contenido de este compuesto tóxico contenido en las raíces de yuca podría ser potencialmente peligroso bajo el consumo a largo plazo en sujetos vulnerables

Introduction: Acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) is a toxic substance present in cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) which results from enzymatic hydrolysis of linamarin. Long-term consumption is associated with 2 neurological disorders: konzo and tropical ataxic neuropathy. Previous studies have evaluated behavioural alterations linked to ACH consumption, but the toxic effects of this substance on physiological processes remain unknown. Method: 32 male Wistar rats were assigned to 4 experimental groups (n = 8 per group): a vehicle group (0.3 mL saline solution, IP) and 3 ACH groups (PubChem CID: 6406) dosed at 10, 15, and 20 mM/24h for 28 days. We evaluated spontaneous motor activity with the open field test and motor coordination with the rotarod and forced swimming tests at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of treatment. At the end of the assessment period (day 28), blood samples were collected by transcardiac puncture to evaluate kidney and liver function. Results: ACH caused alterations in locomotor activity and promoted both lateral swimming and spinning in the forced swimming test at 21 and 28 days of treatment. Furthermore, it led to an increase in the levels of the parameters of kidney and liver function in a concentration-dependent manner, except for glucose and total bilirubin. Conclusion: Our results suggest that long-term consumption of this toxic compound present in cassava roots may be potentially dangerous for vulnerable subjects

Effects of acetone cyanohydrin, a derivative of cassava, on motor activity and kidney and liver function in Wistar rats. / Efecto de la acetona cianohidrina, un derivado de la yuca, sobre la actividad motora y la función renal y hepática en ratas Wistar.

INTRODUCTION: Acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) is a toxic substance present in cassava roots (Manihot esculenta Crantz) which results from enzymatic hydrolysis of linamarin. Long-term consumption is associated with 2 neurological disorders: konzo and tropical ataxic neuropathy. Previous studies have evaluated behavioural alterations linked to ACH consumption, but the toxic effects of this substance on physiological processes remain unknown. METHOD: 32 male Wistar rats were assigned to 4 experimental groups (n=8 per group): a vehicle group (0.3mL saline solution, IP) and 3 ACH groups (PubChem CID: 6406) dosed at 10, 15, and 20mM/24h for 28 days. We evaluated spontaneous motor activity with the open field test and motor coordination with the rotarod and forced swimming tests at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of treatment. At the end of the assessment period (day 28), blood samples were collected by transcardiac puncture to evaluate kidney and liver function. RESULTS: ACH caused alterations in locomotor activity and promoted both lateral swimming and spinning in the forced swimming test at 21 and 28 days of treatment. Furthermore, it led to an increase in the levels of the parameters of kidney and liver function in a concentration-dependent manner, except for glucose and total bilirubin. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that long-term consumption of this toxic compound present in cassava roots may be potentially dangerous for vulnerable subjects.

Efecto protector de 2 presentaciones comerciales de Ginkgo biloba sobre las alteraciones motoras inducidas por el jugo de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) en la rata Wistar / The protective effect of two commercial formats of Ginkgo biloba on motor alterations induced by cassava juice (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Wistar rats

Introducción: Se evaluó el efecto protector de 2 presentaciones comerciales de Ginkgo biloba sobre las alteraciones motoras inducidas por el consumo de jugo de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) en ratas macho Wistar. Método: Los efectos se evaluaron en las pruebas de campo abierto y nado a los 0, 7, 14, 21 y 28 días de tratamiento, una hora después de la administración correspondiente. Resultados: A partir del día 21 del consumo de jugo de yuca incrementó el número de cuadros cruzados en campo abierto y, en la prueba de nado, produjo el nado lateral a partir del día 7, con respecto al grupo control. Conclusión: Los extractos de Ginkgo biloba previnieron las alteraciones motoras asociadas al consumo de jugo de yuca, probablemente por el contenido de flavonoides presentes en ambas presentaciones de Ginkgo biloba (AU)

Introduction: This study evaluated the protective effects of 2 commercial formats of Ginkgo biloba on motor alterations induced by cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) juice consumption in male Wistar rats. Methods: The effects were evaluated with the open field and swim tests at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of treatment, one hour after administering the product. Results: Compared to controls, open field crossings increased after day 21 of cassava juice consumption, and lateral swimming in the swim test was reported after day 7. Conclusion: Ginkgo biloba extracts prevented motor alterations associated with cassava juice consumption, probably due to the flavonoid content in both formats of Ginkgo biloba (AU)

Participación del área CA1 del hipocampo en la incoordinación motora inducida por acetonacianohidrina en la rata / Contribution of hippocampal area CA1 to acetone cyanohydrin-induced loss of motor coordination in rats

Introducción. Algunos vegetales destinados a la alimentación contienen compuestos tóxicos que, al ser consumidos, predisponen al desarrollo de algunas enfermedades. La yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) es una fuente importante de alimento, pero contiene glucósidos cianogénicos (linamarina y lotaustralina) que han sido asociados con el desarrollo de la neuropatía atáxica tropical y el konzo. En la rata, la administración intraperitoneal de acetonacianohidrina (un metabolito de la linamarina) produce alteraciones neurológicas y daño neuronal en el hipocampo. No obstante, se desconoce si el área CA1 del hipocampo participa en las alteraciones neurológicas asociadas a la acetonacianohidrina. Método. Treinta y dos ratas macho Wistar de 3 meses de edad fueron destinadas a 4 grupos (n=8 cada grupo): vehículo (1 de solución salina fisiológica) y 3 grupos con acetonacianohidrina (1 de solución 10, 15 y 20mM). Las sustancias fueron microinyectadas intrahipocampalmente durante 7 días consecutivos (cada 24h); los efectos fueron evaluados diariamente en las pruebas de actividad locomotora, rota-rod y nado. Al quinto día postratamiento se evaluaron nuevamente en las pruebas conductuales para identificar o descartar la permanencia del daño inducido por la acetonacianohidrina. Resultados. La microinyección de acetonacianohidrina 20mM produjo hiperactividad, incoordinación motora y reducción de la exploración a partir del tercer día del tratamiento. En la prueba de nado, todas las concentraciones de acetonacianohidrina produjeron la conducta de giro desde el primer día de microinyección. Conclusión. El área CA1 del hipocampo participa en las alteraciones motoras inducidas por la microinyección de acetonacianohidrina, como ha sido reportado para otros compuestos de la yuca (AU)

Introduction. Some vegetable foodstuffs contain toxic compounds that, when consumed, favour the development of certain diseases. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food source, but it contains cyanogenic glucosides (linamarin and lotaustralin) that have been associated with the development of tropical ataxic neuropathy and konzo. In rats, intraperitoneal administration of acetone cyanohydrin (a metabolite of linamarin) produces neurological disorders and neuronal damage in the hippocampus. However, it is unknown whether hippocampal area CA1 plays a role in neurological disorders associated with acetone cyanohydrin. Method. A total of 32 male Wistar rats 3 months old were assigned to 4 groups (n=8 per group) as follows: vehicle (1μl physiological saline), and 3 groups with acetone cyanohydrin (1μl of 10, 15, and 20mM solution, respectively). The substances were microinjected intrahippocampally every 24hours for 7 consecutive days, and their effects on locomotor activity, rota-rod and swim tests were assessed daily. On the fifth day post-treatment, rats underwent further assessment with behavioural tests to identify or rule out permanent damage induced by acetone cyanohydrin. Results. Microinjection of acetone cyanohydrin 20mM resulted in hyperactivity, motor impairment, and reduced exploration from the third day of treatment. All concentrations of acetone cyanohydrin produced rotational behaviour in the swim test from the first day of microinjection. Conclusion. The hippocampal area CA1 is involved in motor alterations induced by microinjection of acetone cyanohydrin, as has been reported for other cassava compounds (AU)

Contribution of hippocampal area CA1 to acetone cyanohydrin-induced loss of motor coordination in rats. / Participación del área CA1 del hipocampo en la incoordinación motora inducida por acetonacianohidrina en la rata.

INTRODUCTION: Some vegetable foodstuffs contain toxic compounds that, when consumed, favour the development of certain diseases. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important food source, but it contains cyanogenic glucosides (linamarin and lotaustralin) that have been associated with the development of tropical ataxic neuropathy and konzo. In rats, intraperitoneal administration of acetone cyanohydrin (a metabolite of linamarin) produces neurological disorders and neuronal damage in the hippocampus. However, it is unknown whether hippocampal area CA1 plays a role in neurological disorders associated with acetone cyanohydrin. METHOD: A total of 32 male Wistar rats 3 months old were assigned to 4 groups (n=8 per group) as follows: vehicle (1µl physiological saline), and 3 groups with acetone cyanohydrin (1µl of 10, 15, and 20mM solution, respectively). The substances were microinjected intrahippocampally every 24hours for 7 consecutive days, and their effects on locomotor activity, rota-rod and swim tests were assessed daily. On the fifth day post-treatment, rats underwent further assessment with behavioural tests to identify or rule out permanent damage induced by acetone cyanohydrin. RESULTS: Microinjection of acetone cyanohydrin 20mM resulted in hyperactivity, motor impairment, and reduced exploration from the third day of treatment. All concentrations of acetone cyanohydrin produced rotational behaviour in the swim test from the first day of microinjection. CONCLUSION: The hippocampal area CA1 is involved in motor alterations induced by microinjection of acetone cyanohydrin, as has been reported for other cassava compounds.

The protective effect of two commercial formats of Ginkgo biloba on motor alterations induced by cassava juice (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Wistar rats. / Efecto protector de 2 presentaciones comerciales de Ginkgo biloba sobre las alteraciones motoras inducidas por el jugo de yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) en la rata Wistar.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the protective effects of 2 commercial formats of Ginkgo biloba on motor alterations induced by cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) juice consumption in male Wistar rats. METHODS: The effects were evaluated with the open field and swim tests at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of treatment, one hour after administering the product. RESULTS: Compared to controls, open field crossings increased after day 21 of cassava juice consumption, and lateral swimming in the swim test was reported after day 7. CONCLUSION: Ginkgo biloba extracts prevented motor alterations associated with cassava juice consumption, probably due to the flavonoid content in both formats of Ginkgo biloba.

The antioxidant activity of soursop decreases the expression of a member of the NADPH oxidase family.

Cellular oxidative stress produced by an increase in free radicals is one of the factors that promote the development of chronic degenerative diseases; therefore, consuming natural antioxidants helps minimize their negative effects. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of the soursop extract (Annona muricata), its cytoprotective capacity against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide, the inhibitory potential of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the molecular mechanism of its antioxidant action, and its capacity to repair cellular damage in the fibroblast cell line. The soursop extract proved not to be cytotoxic in fibroblast cultures and showed cytoprotective capacity against hydrogen peroxide-induced stress; in cell culture it reduced the generation of ROS significantly by inhibiting a sub-unit of the NADPH oxidase enzyme (p47phox). The soursop extract can prevent damage caused by cellular oxidants.

Effect of rootstock on mango fruit susceptibility to infestation by Anastrepha obliqua.

The effect of the use of rootstock Criollo on the susceptibility of Manila mango fruit to infestation by Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) was determined in the present investigation. Growth, quality parameters (Soluble solids content (%), citric acid content (%), firmness, monoterpene volatiles (3-carene, limonene, alpha-pinene, and beta-myrcene), main flavonoids content (milligrams/100 g fresh pulp), and larvicidal activity of methanolic extracts, as well as the degree of infestation during preharvest development of the fruits were analyzed. The results indicated that the rootstock did not have any significant effect on growth, soluble solids content, or citric acid content; although it increased firmness as well as 3-carene levels and main flavonoids content, resulting in a greater resistance to infestation by A. obliqua. The obtained results support the use of this rootstock because of the beneficial effects observed on the resistance of mango fruit to infestation by this fruit fly.

[Use of low-grade potatoes in the production of whole flour for the preparation of foods for popular consumption]. / Aprovechamiento de la papa de desecho en la obtención de harina integral para la elaboración de alimentos de consumo popular.

A whole flour potato obtention process was developed which could be used in semirural areas. The potato without peeling was previously washed and ground adding 100 p.p.m. of sodium bisulphite, then it was dehydrated in a cabinet tray dryer with an air flow circulation set at 70 degrees C using three different deep beds (10, 20 and 25 mm). Finally it was milled, sieved and packed in polyethylene Kraft bags and stored for 10 months at room temperature. Results showed that drying time increased less rapidly when the bed depth was increased, so that the overall dryer productivity increased when increasing bed depth. Nevertheless, a better-quality product was obtained, as well as a greater process efficiency when a 10 mm bed depth was used. The whole flour had a particle size of 80 mesh and a moisture and protein content of 7 and 6.7%, respectively. No brown color formation or mold growth occurred during storage. "Tamales de dulce" and chocolate cookies were made with the flour obtained. These were subjected to an acceptability test at community level, and the test revealed that for both products, such acceptability was higher than 90%.