ABSTRACT
The mitochondrial pseudo-control region was analysed in five species of Aquila eagles. Indels caused great length differences in the nonrepetitive part of the region, whereas tandem repeat units were highly conserved among the genus. In a reconstructed phylogenetic tree, the clade formed by A. clanga and A. pomarina showed approximately the same distance to A. chrysaetos as did the clade A. heliaca/nipalensis. In Estonian subpopulations, 12 haplotypes were found among 51 A. pomarina individuals and 7 haplotypes among 8 A. clanga individuals. Nucleotide diversity in A. clanga was greater, and may be caused by decreased breeding density or by gene flow from other subpopulations.
Subject(s)
DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics , Eagles/genetics , Genetic Variation , Phylogeny , Animals , Genetics, Population , Molecular Sequence Data , Sequence Analysis, DNAABSTRACT
The bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) oncoprotein encoded by the E5 ORF is a small highly hydrophobic protein, which is capable of inducing oncogenic transformation of cells. We studied the effect of the BPV-1 E5 protein expression on the arachidonic acid metabolism in monkey (COS1) and human (C33A) cells. At relatively low protein concentrations the phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) activity and the arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism are activated. E5 mutant proteins, lacking cysteines responsible for the dimerisation of the protein (C37S, C37SC39S), and truncated E5, lacking the C-terminal region, are non-transforming and unable to stimulate the PLA(2) activity and AA metabolism. The transformation-defective mutant D33V, which does not activate the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), activates AA metabolism like wt E5. Our data suggest that the BPV-1 E5 protein could stimulate the AA metabolism independently of PDGF receptor.
Subject(s)
Arachidonic Acid/metabolism , Oncogene Proteins, Viral/metabolism , Phospholipases A/metabolism , Animals , COS Cells/metabolism , COS Cells/virology , Cell Transformation, Viral/physiology , Cells, Cultured , Enzyme Activation/physiology , Gene Expression/genetics , Humans , Mutagenesis, Site-Directed/genetics , Oncogene Proteins, Viral/genetics , Receptors, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor/metabolism , TransfectionABSTRACT
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) open reading frame E5 encodes the smallest known oncoprotein. This protein is involved in transforming cells during the early stage of infection. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF kappa B) is activated in the host cells as a result of different virus infections. It has been shown that reactive oxygen intermediates activate NF kappa B which leads the activation of several cellular genes. We studied the effect of BPV-1 ES protein on NF kappa B activation. We found that low and moderate concentrations of E5 protein activate NF kappa B. This activation is suppressed by superoxide dismutase. We conclude that the superoxide anion is involved in activation of NF kappa B.
