Critical appraisal of the Colombian clinical practice guide for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of suicidal ideation and/or behaviour (adoption).

INTRODUCTION: Suicide is a complex, global public health problem. The Colombian clinical practice guideline provides relevant input for its prevention, diagnosis and treatment. The objective was to evaluate the methodological quality, credibility and applicability of the Colombian clinical practice guideline for suicidal behaviour. METHODS: An academic group of 12 evaluators was established to assess the guide and its recommendations in a standardised way, using the AGREE-II and AGREE-REX instruments. The evaluations were given in the range of 0.0-1.0 with 0.7 as a cut-off point for appropriate quality. RESULTS: The global assessment of the AGREE-II was greater than 0.7 in the dimensions: "scope and objective" (0.86), "clarity of presentation" (0.89), "applicability" (0.73) and "editorial independence" (0.89). The lowest scores were for "participation of those involved" (0.67) and "rigour in preparation" (0.69). With the AGREE-REX, the results in all dimensions were below 0.70, which indicates lower quality and suitability for use. CONCLUSIONS: The adoption process of the Colombian guideline for suicidal behaviour was a rigorous methodological process, while the practice recommendations were valued as of low applicability due to low support in local evidence. It is necessary to strengthen the generation and synthesis of evidence at the national level to give greater support and applicability to the practice recommendations.

El Ser del Terapeuta: A narrative examination into family-of-origin influence on the professional self of students in family therapy training in Colombia.

This qualitative narrative study aimed to examine how a family of origin influenced the professional self of Colombian students pursuing a profession in family therapy. Few research studies have investigated the development of self among native Spanish speakers from Colombia. Undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in clinical psychology and family therapy internships (N = 16) from the Colombian cities of Medellín, Pereira, and Santa Marta participated in this study. Data collection using personal diaries, family albums, autobiographies, and in-depth interviews served as sources for narrative analysis. Two themes and four subthemes representing positive and negative aspects of influences of families of origin helped organize the findings. Student experiences illustrate abilities, skills, and potentialities in the narratives. Implications for clinical training and future research recommendations highlight a path forward.

Embryo development after vitrification of immature and in vitro-matured equine oocytes.

Effects of meiotic stage and cumulus status on development of equine oocytes after vitrification was evaluated. Immature oocytes with corona radiata (IMM); in vitro-matured oocytes with corona radiata (MAT CR+); and in vitro-matured oocytes denuded of cumulus (MAT CR-) were vitrified using the Cryotech® method. Warming medium was equilibrated either in 5% CO2 or Air. IMM oocytes underwent in vitro maturation after warming. Recovery, survival, and maturation rates, and cleavage and blastocyst rates after ICSI, were evaluated. Recovery was higher for oocytes warmed in CO2- than Air-equilibrated medium (86 ± 3 vs. 76.9 ± 4%, respectively). Maturation for all vitrified-warmed oocyte treatments (37 ± 6.5 to 45.9 ± 5.8%) was not different from control (50 ± 4.1%), except for MAT CR- CO2 (20.3 ± 4.6%). Cleavage for MAT CR- CO2 and Air groups was similar to control (67.7 ± 12.1, 71.4 ± 8.1, and 78 ± 5.3%, respectively). One blastocyst was produced (MAT CR + CO2), representing the first equine blastocyst reported after vitrification of an in vitro-matured oocyte.

Carotenoid Content in Human Colostrum is Associated to Preterm/Full-Term Birth Condition.

Factors such as lactation stage and premature and small-for-gestational conditions could lead to great inter-individual variability in the carotenoid content of human milk. The aim was to analyze the carotenoid content in colostrum and mature milk of preterm (PT) and full-term (FT) mothers to establish whether they are significantly different and, if so, the stage of lactation when the differences are established. Samples of blood, colostrum, and mature milk were collected from Spanish donating mothers who gave birth to PT or FT infants. Carotenoids from serum and milk samples were analyzed by HPLC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS. Quantitatively, colostrum from PT mothers presented lower total carotenoid content when compared to that from FT mothers. The only exception was lutein, where levels were not different. The transition from colostrum to mature milk makes observed differences in the carotenoid content disappear, since there were no variances between PT and FT groups for both individual and total carotenoid content. The premature birth condition affects the quantitative carotenoid composition of the colostrum but has no effect on the lutein content. This fact could be related to the significant role of this xanthophyll in the development of infant retina and feasibly to cognitive function.

In vitro embryo production from cumulus-oocyte complexes type II in Bos indicus cattle / Producción in vitro de embriones a partir de complejos cúmulos oocitos tipo II en bovinos Bos indicus / Produção in vitro de embriões de cumulus oócito complexo de tipo II de bovinos Bos indicus

Abstract The morphological selection of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) is an important step for in vitro embryo production. It has been suggested that COC showing signs of atresia have the ability to generate embryos. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of COC morphology from Bos indicus animals with signs of early atresia versus no signs of atresia on in vitro embryo production. COC were classified in: Type I (TI): homogeneous ooplasm with ≥ 4 layers of compact cumulus cells (CC) and Type II (TII): granular ooplasm and ≥ 4 layers of CC slightly expanded. The COC were matured in vitro for 24 hours in TCM199 medium and subsequently fertilized in vitro for 18 h. The suspected zygotes were cultured in vitro for seven days in modified SOFaa medium. Embryonic quality was determined by blastomeric count following staining with Hoechst 33342. Student test was used to determine statistical differences for cleavage, blastocyst rate and blastomeric counts between types of COC. The cleavage rate for TI (n = 220) and TII (n = 161) was 88 ± 4% and 89 ± 8% respectively (p> 0.05); embryo development rate was 36 ± 7% and 33 ± 8% (p>0.05) respectively. The blastomeric count for both groups was 101 and 104 cells for TI and TII respectively (n = 10), (p>0.05). These results demonstrate that there is no difference in the quantity and quality of embryos produced in vitro using COC type I or type II, suggesting that both types could be used for bovine in vitro embryo production in Bos indicus cows.

Resumen La selección morfológica de los complejos cúmulo-oocito (COC) es crucial para la producción de embriones in vitro. Se ha sugerido que COC que muestran signos de atresia poseen capacidad de generar embriones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la morfología de los COC provenientes de animales Bos indicus con signos de atresia temprana y sin signos de atresia sobre la producción de embriones in vitro. Se clasificaron COC obtenidos de ovarios de faenado en dos grupos: Tipo I (TI): ooplasma homogéneo con ≥ 4 capas de células del cumulo (CC) compactas y Tipo II (TII): ooplasma granular y ≥ 4 capas de CC ligeramente expandidas. Los COC fueron madurados por 24 horas en medio TCM199 y posteriormente fueron fertilizados in vitro durante 18 h. Los presuntos cigotos se cultivaron in vitro por siete días en medio SOF modificado. La calidad embrionaria se determinó por conteo de blastómeras posterior a tinción con Hoechst 33342. Se usó la prueba t para determinar diferencias estadísticas. La tasa de clivaje para los COC, TI (n=220) y TII (n=161), fue 88 ± 4% y 89 ± 8% respectivamente (p>0,05); la tasa de desarrollo embrionario fue 36 ± 7% y 33 ± 8% (p>0,05) respectivamente. El conteo de blastómeras para ambos grupos fue de (TI:101,TII:104) (n=10), (p>0,05). Los resultados de este trabajo permiten concluir que no hay diferencia en la cantidad y calidad de embriones producidos in vitro utilizando COC tipo I o tipo II, sugiriendo que ambas calidades podrían ser usadas en la producción de embriones in vitro a partir de animales Bos indicus.

Resumo A seleção morfológica dos complexos cumulus-oócito (COC) é crucial para a produção in vitro de embriões. Relata-se que COC que apresentam sinais de atresia têm a capacidade de gerar embriões. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito morfológico dos COC de animais Bos indicus com sinais de atresia precoce ou sim sinais de atresia sobre a produção in vitro de embriões. COC obtidos de ovários de animais abatidos foram classificados em dois grupos: tipo I (TI): ooplasma homogéneo com ≥ 4 camadas de células do cúmulos (CC) compactos e Tipo II (TII): ooplasma granular e ≥ 4 camadas CC levemente expandidas. Os COC foram submetidos à maturação por 24 horas em meio TCM199 e depois fertilizados in vitro por 18 h. Os prováveis zigotos foram cultivados in vitro por sete dias em meio SOFaa modificado. A qualidade embrionária foi determinada pela contagem dos blastômeros após coloração com Hoechst 33342. O teste t foi utilizado para determinar diferenças estatísticas significativas. A taxa de clivagem para os COC TI (n = 220) e TII (n = 161) foi de 88 ± 4% e 89 ± 8%, respectivamente (p>0,05); a taxa de desenvolvimento embrionário foi de 36 ±7% e 33 ±8% (p>0,05), respectivamente. E a contagem de blastômeros para ambos os grupos foi (TI: 101, TII: 104) (n = 10) (p>0,05). Com base nos resultados deste trabalho conclui-se que não existe diferença na quantidade e qualidade dos embriões produzidos in vitro, utilizando COC tipo I ou tipo II, sugerindo que ambas as qualidades podem ser utilizadas na produção in vitro de embriões em animaes Bos indicus.

Xanthophyll esters are found in human colostrum.

SCOPE: Carotenoids in human milk are associated with other lipid counterparts in several metabolic processes. One interesting association that has not been demonstrated to date is the presence of xanthophyll esters. Colostrum and mature milk samples were analyzed to determine the occurrence of xanthophyll esters and identify the compounds. Thus, the association of the amounts of these compounds with lactation and whether they are significant contributors to the carotenoid profile of human milk was assessed. METHODS AND RESULTS: Pre-term and term delivering mothers were included in the study to donate colostrum at 3-5 days postpartum and mature milk at 15 days postpartum. Carotenoids extracts were subjected to a clean-up procedure to remove the triacylglycerol fraction and then analyzed by HPLC-MSn . Identification of xanthophyll esters was achieved by considering their chromatographic behaviour, UV-visible characteristics and MSn features. CONCLUSION: Xanthophyll esters are significant contributors to the carotenoid profile in the colostrum, while mature milk does not contain these compounds. Therefore, fatty acid acylation to xanthophylls is activated during the accumulation of carotenoids in the human mammary gland. The sharp decline in the amount of xanthophyll esters in mature milk indicates that the lipophilic components are those recently incorporated in the mammary epithelium.

Validation of Thwaites Index for diagnosing tuberculous meningitis in a Colombian population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of Thwaites Index (TI) in a Colombian population to distinguish meningeal tuberculosis (MTB) from bacterial meningitis (BM) and from non-tuberculous meningitis. Exploratory analyses were conducted to assess the TI's validity for patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and children above six-years-old. METHODS: The study included 527 patients, the TI was calculated and results compared with those of a reference standard established by expert neurologists. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve of receiver-operator characteristics (AUC-ROC) and likelihood ratios were calculated. RESULTS: The AUC-ROC to distinguish MTB from non-tuberculous meningitis was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.67-0.77) for HIV negative adults. AUC-ROC was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.50-0.74) for HIV positive adults and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.68-0.97) for children. For distinguishing MTB from BM the AUC-ROC was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.73-0.83); furthermore, the AUC-ROC was 0.57 (95% CI: 0.31-0.83) for HIV positive adults and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.73-0.99) for children. CONCLUSION: The TI was sensitive but not specific when used to distinguish MTB from BM in HIV negative adults. In HIV positive adults the index had low diagnostic accuracy. Moreover, the TI showed discrimination capability for children over 6years; however, research with larger samples is required in these.

Effect of clinically-related factors on in vitro blastocyst development after equine ICSI.

Equine intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is being used clinically for foal production, but little information is available on factors affecting the efficiency of this procedure. We examined factors that may influence blastocyst development when ICSI is performed clinically, i.e., on oocytes recovered from live mares by transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration (TVA), using sperm from the stallion of the client's choice. In a clinical setting, there may be a delay from the time of TVA to isolation of oocytes from the aspirated fluid. In a preliminary study, oocytes from fluid held for 1.5 h at ambient temperature (26°C-33°C) yielded 32% blastocysts; however, in experiment 1, fluid held at 32 °C for 2 h after aspiration yielded 16% blastocysts versus 23% for aspirates processed immediately. Performing TVA/ICSI throughout the year would increase production from valuable mares, but efficiency during the nonbreeding season is unknown. In addition, to reduce the possibility of infection after TVA, administration of antibiotics to the mare before TVA is indicated; however, these could affect oocyte quality. In experiment 2, follicle numbers at the time of TVA were significantly higher in December to January than for the same mares during the breeding season. Oocyte recovery rates on TVA were 60% to 66% and the blastocyst rate was 18%. An equivalent blastocyst rate (18%) was achieved after administration of ampicillin and gentamicin to mares before TVA. In experiment 3, we verified that stallion differences exist in rates of cleavage after ICSI with motile sperm. In sperm from a low-performing stallion, density-gradient centrifugation followed by swim-up was associated with significantly higher rates of cleavage (45% vs. 18%) and blastocyst development (14% vs. 0%) than those for density gradient alone. In experiment 4, parthenogenetic activation with ionomycin and 6-dimethylaminopurine yielded 40% blastocysts. Frozen-thawed sperm that were immotile after nitrogen tank failure did not produce blastocysts; exogenous activation after ICSI increased cleavage rate but did not yield blastocysts. These studies provide information on factors that may affect in vitro blastocyst formation after equine ICSI as it is performed in a clinical program.

Cell lineage allocation in equine blastocysts produced in vitro under varying glucose concentrations.

Equine embryos develop in vitro in the presence of high glucose concentrations, but little is known about their requirements for development. We evaluated the effect of glucose concentrations in medium on blastocyst development after ICSI. In experiment 1, there were no significant differences in rates of blastocyst formation among embryos cultured in our standard medium (DMEM/F-12), which contained >16 mM glucose, and those cultured in a minimal-glucose embryo culture medium (<1 mM; Global medium, GB), with either 0 added glucose for the first 5 days, then 20 mM (0-20) or 20 mM for the entire culture period (20-20). In experiment 2, there were no significant differences in the rates of blastocyst development (31-46%) for embryos cultured in four glucose treatments in GB (0-10, 0-20, 5-10, or 5-20). Blastocysts were evaluated by immunofluorescence for lineage-specific markers. All cells stained positively for POU5F1. An inner cluster of cells was identified that included presumptive primitive endoderm cells (GATA6-positive) and presumptive epiblast (EPI) cells. The 5-20 treatment resulted in a significantly lower number of presumptive EPI-lineage cells than the 0-20 treatment did. GATA6-positive cells appeared to be allocated to the primitive endoderm independent of the formation of an inner cell mass, as was previously hypothesized for equine embryos. These data demonstrate that equine blastocyst development is not dependent on high glucose concentrations during early culture; rather, environmental glucose may affect cell allocation. They also present the first analysis of cell lineage allocation in in vitro-fertilized equine blastocysts. These findings expand our understanding of the factors that affect embryo development in the horse.

Timing factors affecting blastocyst development in equine somatic cell nuclear transfer.

In nuclear transfer (NT), exposure of donor cell chromatin to the ooplast cytoplasm may aid reprogramming; however, the length of exposure feasible is limited by the developmental life span of the oocyte. We examined the effect of duration of nucleus-cytoplasmic exposure before activation and of in vitro maturation (IVM) in equine NT. In experiment 1, 24 h IVM and a delay of 2, 5, or 8 h between reconstruction and activation yielded 4%, 15%, and 11% blastocysts, respectively. In experiment 2, a 5-h activation delay yielded 17% and 22% blastocysts with two donor cell lines. In experiment 3, using a 5-h activation delay, the blastocyst rate was significantly higher using oocytes after 20 h IVM than after 24 h IVM; however, only 28% of oocytes were in metaphase II (MII) at 20 h. In experiment 4, oocytes were denuded of cumulus at 20 h, and those in metaphase I (MI) were returned to culture for 3 h (20+3H treatment); blastocyst rates were 30% and 27%, respectively (8-h and 5-h delay to activation, respectively). Four live foals resulted from the transfer of 17 blastocysts (24%) produced using MII oocytes and a 5- or 8-h activation delay. Use of equine oocytes immediately after reaching MII, combined with a longer delay from reconstruction to activation, increased developmental competence after equine NT.

CatSper and the relationship of hyperactivated motility to intracellular calcium and pH kinetics in equine sperm.

In vitro fertilization does not occur readily in the horse. This may be related to failure of equine sperm to initiate hyperactivated motility, as treating with procaine to induce hyperactivation increases fertilization rates. In mice, hyperactivated motility requires a sperm-specific pH-gated calcium channel (CatSper); therefore, we investigated this channel in equine sperm. Motility was assessed by computer-assisted sperm motility analysis and changes in intracellular pH and calcium were assessed using fluorescent probes. Increasing intracellular pH induced a rise in intracellular calcium, which was inhibited by the known CatSper blocker mibefradil, supporting the presence of a pH-gated calcium channel, presumably CatSper. Hyperactivation was associated with moderately increased intracellular pH, but appeared inversely related to increases in intracellular calcium. In calcium-deficient medium, high-pH treatment induced motility loss, consistent with influx of sodium through open CatSper channels in the absence of environmental calcium. However, sperm treated with procaine in calcium-deficient medium both maintained motility and underwent hyperactivation, suggesting that procaine did not act via opening of the CatSper channel. CATSPER1 mRNA was identified in equine sperm by PCR, and CATSPER1 protein was localized to the principal piece on immunocytochemistry. Analysis of the predicted equine CATSPER1 protein revealed species-specific differences in structure in the pH-sensor region. We conclude that the CatSper channel is present in equine sperm but that the relationship of hyperactivated motility to calcium influx is weak. Procaine does not appear to act via CatSper in equine sperm, and its initial hyperactivating action is not dependent upon external calcium influx.

A viable foal obtained by equine somatic cell nuclear transfer using oocytes recovered from immature follicles of live mares.

The presence of heterogenous mitochondria from the host ooplast affects the acceptance of offspring obtained by somatic cell nuclear transfer. This might be avoided by obtaining oocytes from selected females, but is then complicated by low numbers of available oocytes. We examined the efficiency of equine somatic cell nuclear transfer using oocytes recovered by transvaginal aspiration of immature follicles from 11 mares. Use of metaphase I oocytes as cytoplasts and of scriptaid (a histone deacetylase inhibitor) treatment during oocyte activation were evaluated to determine if these approaches would increase blastocyst production. In experiment 1, blastocyst development was 0/14 for metaphase I oocytes and 4/103 (4%) for metaphase II oocytes. Three blastocysts were transferred to recipient mares, resulting in two pregnancies and one live foal, which died shortly after birth. In experiment 2, blastocyst development was 2/47 (4%) for control oocytes and 1/83 (1%) for scriptaid-treated oocytes. No foals were born from two blastocysts transferred in the control group. The blastocyst from the scriptaid treatment resulted in birth of a live foal. In conclusion, this is apparently the first report of production of a viable cloned foal from oocytes collected from immature follicles of live mares, supporting the possibility of cloning using oocytes from selected mares.

Evaluation of foal production following intracytoplasmic sperm injection and blastocyst culture of oocytes from ovaries collected immediately before euthanasia or after death of mares under field conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficiency of foal production following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and blastocyst culture of oocytes from mares that died or were euthanized under field conditions. DESIGN: Prospective case series. ANIMALS: 16 mares (age, 3 to 19 years) that died or were euthanized for various causes. PROCEDURES: Ovaries were collected immediately before euthanasia (n = 10) or after death (6). Ovaries were transported to the laboratory for oocyte recovery (15 mares), or oocytes were recovered at a remote location and shipped to the laboratory (1). Oocytes underwent ICSI, and presumptive zygotes were cultured for 7 to 10 days. Blastocysts were shipped to embryo transfer facilities for transcervical transfer to recipient mares. RESULTS: Ovaries were processed 30 minutes to 12 hours (mean ± SD, 4.6 ± 3.3 hours) after mares' deaths. A mean of 14.1 ± 8.6 oocytes/mare were cultured, and 110 of 225 (49%) matured. Twenty-one blastocysts developed after ICSI and were transferred to recipient mares. Thirteen pregnancies were established; 10 healthy foals were produced from 6 donor mares. The number of blastocysts produced per mare and number of live foals produced per mare were significantly correlated with the number of oocytes recovered. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Foals were produced from mares after death or euthanasia under field conditions. Proportions of foals born overall (10 foals/16 mares) and mares from which ≥ 1 foal was produced (6/16) were greater than those reported following recovery and oviductal transfer of oocytes to inseminated recipients after death of donor mares under field conditions.

Pulmonary hypertension, time of exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, pulmonary / body weights ratio in broiler chickens, under temperature controlled conditions / Hipertensión pulmonar en pollos, lapso de exposición a la hipoxia hipobárica y relación peso pulmonar / peso corporal, bajo condiciones de temperatura controlada / A hipertensão pulmonar em frangos, um período de exposição à hipóxia hipobárica e razão de peso do pulmão / o peso corporal em condições de temperatura controlada

Objective: study the influence of time of exposure to hypobaric hypoxia and pulmonary weight:body weight ratio (PW:CW) on the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in Cobb Vantress 500® broiler chickens. Methods: five groups of birds were transfered from a relative normoxic environment (336 masl) to a hypobaric hypoxic one (2638 masl) at the following ages (in days): 6, 10, 15, 20 and 25. An additional group remained at 2638 masl from day 1. All birds were slaughtered at day 49 and the incidence of PH was assessed, as well as PW:CW. Results: no statistical association between age of exposure or PW:CW and PH was found (p<0.05). PH incidence was higher than those previously reported in similar studies. Since there was a strict temperature control in the present study, this factor can be excluded as a possible cause of PH. Further experiments should be conducted to assess the relative importance of other contributing factors in the occurrence of PAH.

Objetivo: el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la posible injerencia del desarrollo pulmonar y el tiempo de permanencia sobre la incidencia de hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) en pollos de engorde, de la estirpe Cobb Vantress 500®. Métodos: Se trasladaron cinco grupos de aves desde un sitio con condiciones de normoxia relativa (336 metros sobre el nivel del mar msnm) a uno con condiciones de hipoxia hipobárica (2638 msnm) en las siguientes edades: 6, 10, 15, 20 y 25 días. Hubo un grupo de animales que permaneció desde el día 1 bajo hipoxia hipobárica. Todos los animales fueron sacrificados a los 49 días de edad. Entonces, se calculó la incidencia de HAP y la relación peso pulmonar : peso corporal (PP:PC) en pollos sanos y en aquellos que tuvieron HAP. Resultados: No hubo asociación estadística entre la edad de exposición a condiciones de hipoxia o de la relación PP:PC y la presentación de la enfermedad (p<0.05). La incidencia de HAP fue más alta que en estudios anteriores llevados a cabo con la misma estirpe y en condiciones comparables a las de la presente investigación. Dado que hubo un control de la temperatura ambiental en el sitio de alojamiento de los pollos, ese factor reconocido como desencadenante de HAP, puede ser excluido en las condiciones del presente estudio. Es deseable que se diseñen experimentos para valorar la importancia relativa de otros factores coadyuvantes en la presentación de HAP.

Objetivo: Com o propósito de avaliar a possível ingerência do desenvolvimento do pulmão e do tempo sobre a incidência de hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP) em frangos de corte da linha genética Cobb Vantress 500®. Métodos: As aves foram mudadas em 5 grupos de um local com condições de normoxia relativa (336 m acima do nível do mar) para uma com condições de hipoxia hipobárica (2638 m) nas idades seguintes: 6, 10, 15, 20 e 25 dias. Houve um grupo de animais que permaneceram desde o primeiro dia em condições de hipoxia. Todos os animais foram sacrificados aos 49 dias de idade. Posteriormente foi calculada a incidência de HAP e peso pulmonar: peso corporal (PP: PC) nos frangos e naqueles que tinham HAP. Resultados: Não houve associação estatística entre a idade de exposição à hipoxia ou a relação PP: PC e a apresentação da doença (p<0.05). A incidência de HAP foi maior do que nos estudos anteriores realizados com a mesma linha genética e em condições comparáveis às do presente estudo. Como houve um controle de temperatura do local nos primeiros dias de idade, que é reconhecido como um fator importante para a HAP, pode ser excluído nas condições deste estudo. É desejável elaborar experimentos para avaliar a importância relativa de outros fatores que contribuem para a apresentação da HAP.

Técnicas de reproducción asistida en caballos / Assisted reproductive technologies in the horses / Técnicas de reprodução assistida em cavalos

Las técnicas de reproducción asistida son métodos no convencionales por los cuales se obtienen potros deyeguas problema o geriátricas mediante la obtención de oocitos viables. De esta manera, los problemas del úteroo del oviducto que impiden un buen transporte y sobrevivencia de los espermatozoides, adecuada fertilizacióny consecuentemente transporte del embrión, son sobrepasados. Existen primordialmente dos métodos paracolectar oocitos en yeguas – a partir del folículo pre-ovulatorio dominante o de todos los folículos visiblesen los ovarios. Además existen dos métodos para fertilizar los oocitos que han sido obtenidos: in vitro, porinyección intracitoplasmatica de un espermatozoide (ICSI) o in vivo, al transferirlo al oviducto de una yeguareceptora inseminada previamente (Transferencia de oocitos)

Assisted reproductive technology (ART) refers to non-conventional methods for obtaining foals by obtainingisolated oocytes in problematic or geriatric mares. In this way, problems with the mare’s uterus or oviductthat limit proper sperm transport and survival, adequate fertilization, and consequently embryo transportare bypassed. There are two main methods to recover oocytes from a valuable mare – from the dominantpreovulatory follicle, or from all visible follicles on the ovaries. In addition, there are two main methods tofertilize the recovered oocytes: in vitro, by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) or in vivo, by transferringit to the oviduct of a previously inseminated recipient mare (Oocyte Transfer)

As técnicas de reprodução assistida são métodos não-convencionais para a obtenção de potros de éguasproblemáticas ou geriátricas, através da retirada de ovócitos viáveis. Assim, os problemas do útero ou do ovídutoque impedem o transporte e a sobrevivência de espermatozoides, a fertilização adequada e, consequentemente,o transporte do embrião são evitados. Existem principalmente dois métodos para coletar ovócitos em éguas– a partir do folículo pré-ovulatório dominante, ou de todos os folículos visíveis nos ovários. Há tambémdois métodos para fertilizar os ovócitos que foram obtidos: in vitro, através de injeção intracitoplasmáticade espermatozoides (ICSI) ou in vivo, transferido-os para o oviduto de uma égua destinatária previamenteinseminada (Transferência de ovócitos).

El caso de infecciosas: zigomicosis rino-facial / The case of infectious diseases: zygomycosis rhino-facial

Se presenta un caso de infección zigomicótica en un paciente de 52 años con diagnóstico previo de linfoma no Hodgkin. Aunque la infección micótica por Absidia sp. es favorecida en este caso por condiciones subyacentes como leucopenia severa con deficiencia de granulocitos y tratamiento quimioterapéutico agresivo, la forma de presentación rinoorbitaria sin compromiso cerebral al igual que la ausencia de otras características clínicas clásicas de este tipo de compromiso es notable. Se observan en este caso manifestaciones pulmonares concomitantes pero desafortunadamente, no se llega a establecer su etiología aunque se sospecha fuertemente una diseminación micótica.