ABSTRACT
After introduction of surgical anesthesia with general agents such as ether and chloroform, a large number of deaths due to anesthetic toxicity were reported. With the aim to reduce toxicity several types of mixtures were devised. One of the most important was the association of opioids and scopolamine. This technique was compiled in a thesis on the use of morphine and scopolamine during anesthesia with chloroform which was presented by Dr. José Blasco Reta at the University of Madrid the 27th of June of 1907. Claude Bernard was the first to use this technique. He was based on the assumption that a previous injection of 1 cg of morphine acetate will decrease both, the needs and the risk of chloroform since this procedure shortened the excitation period, decreased ether-induced bronchial congestion, and prolonged for several hours the analgesic effect in the postoperative phase. The first who applied this technique in Spain was Dr. Losada, and Dr. Emilio Ruiz observed the rapid action of the mixture. After 1900, Schneiderlein added scopolamine in order to decrease the excitation and to reduce vomiting secondary to the association morphine-chloroform. Scopolamine was administered in 2 or 3 injections. Jun our country Dr. Lozano Monzón and Dr. Recasens used this pharmacologic association and considered it of beneficial effects when applied during labour. In a total number of 4,240 anesthetic procedures using the same technique, Dr. Blasco Reta reported 24 deaths, among them the first that occurred to Mr. Víctor Escribano between 1902 and 1903. Mortality was considered to be 1/1,000 cases.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia/history , Chloroform/administration & dosage , Morphine/administration & dosage , Scopolamine/administration & dosage , Anesthesia/adverse effects , Anesthesia/methods , Anesthesia, Obstetrical , Europe , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , HumansSubject(s)
Intubation, Intratracheal/instrumentation , Anesthesiology/instrumentation , Child , Contraindications , Equipment Design , Equipment Failure , Europe , History, 19th Century , History, 20th Century , History, Ancient , Humans , Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation , Intubation, Intratracheal/adverse effects , Intubation, Intratracheal/history , Intubation, Intratracheal/methodsABSTRACT
Action of Sodium Naproxen on spontaneous and field stimulated motility of isolated rat uterus was studied. Sodium Naproxen inhibited both spontaneous and field stimulated motility. The IC50 on spontaneous motility was lower than the IC50 on stimulated motility. The inhibition produced on the field stimulated uterus was more regular in relationship to concentration used of Sodium Naproxen. The IC50 of Sodium Naproxen in these experimental conditions was 8.22 X 10(-4) M (pD2 = 3.09 +/- 0.02) and the maximum inhibitory effect was 100%. These results show that prostaglandin synthesis plays a necessary role in uterine contraction, spontaneous or induced by field stimulus.
