ABSTRACT
The subtalar joint can be altered in its anatomy and biomechanical behavior. It is important to know how to assess the talar declination angle in order to assess the deformity at the subtalar joint. Consider a straight posterior approach to the subtalar joint and remain liberal in the use of z-shaped Achilles tendon lengthening. A structural bone graft should be used to elevate the talus. Positioning screws should be used to lock the construct.
Subject(s)
Arthrodesis/methods , Bone Transplantation/methods , Subtalar Joint/surgery , Achilles Tendon/surgery , Arthrodesis/adverse effects , Bone Screws , Calcaneus/blood supply , Calcaneus/surgery , Humans , Talus/blood supply , Talus/surgeryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To assess the validity of inducing ototoxicity in rats by applying a sponge soaked in kanamycin and furosemide on the round window. STUDY DESIGN: Basic, randomized, nonblind experimental study. SETTING: Animal models of cochlear damage and reliable methods of local drug delivery are fundamental to study hearing loss and to design new therapies. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Four experimental groups of six Wistar rats with different methods of drug administration were used: (1) injection of subcutaneous kanamycin (400 mg/kg) and intravenous furosemide (100 mg/kg); (2) local application of a sponge soaked in saline close to the round window; (3) animals for which the sponge was soaked in a solution containing kanamycin (200 mg/mL) and furosemide (50 mg/mL); and (4) sham-operated rats. The tympanic bulla was exposed using a ventral approach, and a bullostomy was performed to visualize the round window membrane. Cochlear function was assessed by measuring the auditory brainstem response, and hearing thresholds in response to click and tone burst stimuli were determined as peak and interpeak latencies. At the end of the study, cochlear histology was analyzed. RESULTS: Systemic administration of kanamycin and furosemide induced profound hearing loss and severe hair cell damage. Local delivery of these ototoxic drugs caused comparable damage but avoided the systemic side effects of the drug. Sham-operated and saline control animals did not experience functional alterations. CONCLUSION: Situating a sponge soaked in kanamycin and furosemide on the round window membrane through the ventral approach is a reliable method to provoke local ototoxicity in rats.
