Effects of a Sleep Hygiene Strategy on Parameters of Sleep Quality and Quantity in Youth Elite Rugby Union Players.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of a sleep hygiene strategy on parameters of sleep quality and quantity in youth elite rugby union players. METHOD: Eleven male players (age: 19.0 [1.4] y) undertook a sleep hygiene strategy composed of 2 theoretical sessions and 3 practical sessions over a 4-week period. Sleeping time, time in bed, total sleep time, sleep latency (SL), sleep efficiency (SE), wake after sleep onset, and wake bouts were recorded with an actigraphic device during the 4-week sleep hygiene strategy (baseline) and during 4 weeks after the last intervention (postintervention). RESULTS: At baseline, the overall group reported poor sleep quantity (total sleep time = 6:27 [0:30] min), but sleep quality was considered acceptable (SL = 0:18 [0:08] min and SE = 77.8% [5.8%]). Postintervention, the overall group showed a small improvement in SL (d = -0.23 [-0.42 to -0.04], P = .003) and SE (d = 0.30 [0.03 to 0.57], P = .0004). For individual responses, sleeping time, time in bed, and total sleep time were positively influenced in only 4, 3, and 5 players, respectively. For parameters of sleep quality, SL and SE were positively influenced in a majority of players (n = 7 and 8, respectively). The magnitude of difference between baseline and postintervention was strongly associated with baseline values in SE (r = -.86; P = .0005) and wake after sleep onset (r = -.87; P = .0007). CONCLUSION: A sleep hygiene strategy is efficient to improve sleep quality but not sleep quantity in young rugby union players. The strategy was more efficient in players with lower initial sleep quality and should be implemented prior to a high cumulative fatigue period.

Impact of tapering and proactive recovery on young elite rugby union players' repeated high intensity effort ability.

To assess the effects of a taper combined with proactive recovery on the repeated high intensity effort (RHIE) of elite rugby union players, and the possible interaction of pre-taper fatigue and sleep. Eighteen players performed a 3-week intensive training block followed by a 7-day exponential taper combined with a multicomponent recovery strategy. Following the intervention, players were divided into 3 groups (Normal Training: NT, Acute Fatigue: AF or Functional Overreaching: F-OR) based on their readiness to perform prior to the taper. Total sprint time [TST], percentage decrement [%D] and the number of sprints ≥90% of the best [N90] were analyzed to assess performance during a RHIE test. Subjective sleep quality was assessed through the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). No improvement in TST was reported in either NT or F-OR after the taper, whereas AF tended to improve (-1.58 ± 1.95%; p > 0.05; g = -0.20). F-OR players reported baseline PSQI and ESS indicative of sleep disturbance (6.2 ± 2.2 and 10.6 ± 5.4, respectively). AF displayed a small impairment in PSQI during intensive training (11.5 ± 80.6%; p > 0.05; g = 0.20), which was reversed following the taper (-34.6 ± 62.1%; p > 0.05; g = -0.73). Pre-taper fatigue precluded the expected performance benefits of the combined taper and recovery intervention, likely associated with a lack of strictly controlled intensive training block. Poor sleep quality before the intensive training period appeared to predispose the players to developing functional overreaching.

Preconditioning Activities to Enhance Repeated High-Intensity Efforts in Elite Rugby Union Players.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of a rugby-specific high-intensity interval-training (HIITRugby) protocol on the repeated high-intensity-effort ability of young elite rugby union players and to verify the influence of 2 preconditioning sequences composed either of physical contacts (ie, tackles) or of additional runs on the magnitude of improvement. METHOD: Fourteen players (19 [1] y; 183.5 [8.6] cm; 95.6 [15.6] kg) underwent an HIITRugby protocol, consisting of 7 supervised training sessions over 4 weeks, each session including 3 or 4 sets of 1 to 2 minutes with 1-minute recovery. Prior to HIITRugby training, players underwent a preconditioning contact sequence or a preconditioning running sequence, to assess their influence on subsequent interval-training sessions. RESULTS: The overall group showed a moderate improvement in total sprint time, sprints ≥90% of the best, and 20-m sprint (-3.91% [2.68%], P = .0002; 74.6% [123.7%], P = .012; -3.22% [3.13%], P = .003, respectively) and a large improvement in percentage decrement (-23.1% [20.5%], P = .005) following the 4-week training block. Relative improvements were similar between groups in total sprint time, 20-m sprint, and perceived difficulty, but the preconditioning running-sequence group exhibited a larger magnitude of gains in percentage decrement (-28.6% [20.2%] vs -17.6% [20.7%]; effect size = -1.01 vs -0.73). CONCLUSION: An HIITRugby training block was effective to improve repeated high-intensity-effort ability. A preconditioning contact sequence prior to HIITRugby can reduce subsequent long-interval running activity, which may attenuate the improvement of repeated high-intensity-effort indices related to the aerobic system.

Fitness Determinants of Repeated High-Intensity Effort Ability in Elite Rugby Union Players.

PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between physical fitness and repeated high-intensity effort (RHIE) ability in elite rugby union players, depending on playing position. METHOD: Thirty-nine players underwent a fitness testing battery composed of a body composition assessment, upper-body strength (1-repetition maximum bench press and 1-repetition maximum bench row), lower-body strength (6-repetition maximum back squat), and power (countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arms, and 20-m sprint), as well as aerobic fitness (Bronco test) and RHIE tests over a 1-week period. Pearson linear correlations were used to quantify relationships between fitness tests and the RHIE performance outcomes (total sprint time [TST] and percentage decrement [%D]). Thereafter, a stepwise multiple regression model was used to verify the influence of physical fitness measures on RHIE ability. RESULTS: TST was strongly to very strongly associated to body fat (BF, r = .82, P < .01), the 20-m sprint (r = .86, P < .01), countermovement jump (r = -.72, P < .01), and Bronco test (r = .90, P < .01). These fitness outcomes were related to %D, with moderate to strong associations (.82 > ∣r∣ > .54, P < .01). By playing position, similar associations were observed in forwards, but RHIE ability was only related to the 20-m sprint in backs (r = .53, P < .05). The RHIE performance model equations were TST = 13.69 + 0.01 × BF + 0.08 × Bronco + 10.20 × 20 m and %D = -14.34 + 0.11 × BF +0.18 × Bronco - 9.92 × 20 m. These models explain 88.8% and 68.2% of the variance, respectively. CONCLUSION: Body composition, lower-body power, and aerobic fitness were highly related with RHIE ability. However, backs expressed a different profile than forwards, suggesting that further research with larger sample sizes is needed to better understand the fitness determinants of backs' RHIE ability.

Tapering and Repeated High-Intensity Effort Ability in Young Elite Rugby Union Players: Influence of Pretaper Fatigue Level.

PURPOSE: To assess the effects of a short-term taper on the ability to perform repeated high-intensity efforts, depending on players' fatigue level following an intensive training block. METHOD: After a 3-day off-season camp, 13 players followed the same 3-week preseason training block followed by a 7-day exponential taper. Performance was assessed by a repeated high-intensity effort test before and after the taper. Total sprint time, percentage of decrement, and the number of sprints equal to or higher than 90% of the best sprint were retained for analysis. Players were a posteriori classified in normal training or acute fatigue groups based on their readiness to perform prior to the taper, assessed through the magnitude of difference in psychological (Profile of Mood State Questionnaire), cardiovascular (submaximal constant-duration cycling), and neuromuscular (countermovement jump) tests between the preintensive and postintensive training blocks. RESULTS: Training load declined by 55% (9%) during the taper (P = .001, g = -2.54). The overall group showed a small improvement in total sprint time (-3.40% [3.90%], P = .04, g = -0.39) following the taper. Relative changes tended to be higher in the acute fatigue compared with the normal training group (-5.07% [4.52%] vs -1.45% [1.88%], respectively; P = .08; d = 1.01). No taper-induced improvement was observed in percentage of decrement or number of sprints equal to or higher than 90% of the best sprint. CONCLUSION: A 7-day taper consisting of 55% training load reduction improved repeated high-intensity effort performance in young elite rugby union players. Pretaper level of fatigue seems to be a key determinant in the taper supercompensation process, as acutely fatigued players at the end of the intensive training block tended to benefit more from the taper.

Effects of tapering on neuromuscular and metabolic fitness in team sports: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Purpose: To assess the effects of a taper strategy on neuromuscular and metabolic fitness in team sport athletes, through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Method: To be included in this meta-analysis, studies had to involve competitive team sport athletes and a tapering intervention providing details about the procedures used to decrease the training load, as well as competition or field-based criterion performance and all necessary data to calculate effect sizes. Four databases were searched according to these criteria, which led to the identification of 895 potential studies and the subsequent inclusion of 14 articles. Independent variables were training intensity, volume and frequency, as well as the pattern of taper and its duration. The dependent variable was performance obtained in various neuromuscular and metabolic tests. Results: There was limited evidence of a moderate taper-induced improvement in repeated sprint ability (Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) (95%IC;I2) = 0.41 (0.26-0.55;0%)) and moderate evidence of a moderate increase in maximal power (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.44 (0.32-0.56;15%)), change of direction speed (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.38 (0.15-0.60;28%)) and maximal oxygen uptake (SMD (95%IC;I2) = 0.76 (0.43-1.09;37%)). Conclusion: Tapering is an effective training strategy to improve maximal power, maximal oxygen uptake, repeated sprint ability and change of direction speed in team sports. However, the literature lacks studies using various tapering strategies to compare their effectiveness and make evidence-based recommendations. Future original studies should focus on this major issue.

Reliability of a Repeated High-Intensity Effort Test for Elite Rugby Union Players.

This study aimed to adapt a repeated high-intensity effort (RHIE) test to the rugby union physical demands and assess both sprint time and tackle indices reliability. Following a familiarization session, sixteen elite rugby union players completed two RHIE tests consisting of 12 × 20 m sprint + tackle. Total sprint time and total g-force during tackling, average sprint time and average g-force as well as percentage decrementsprint time and percentage decrementtackle were considered for the analysis. Sprint time indices showed high to very high absolute and relative reliability (intraclass coefficient correlation (ICC) = 0.95, Standard Error Measurement (SEM) = 1.30%; ICC = 0.95, SEM = 1.44%; ICC = 0.73, SEM = 23.0%, for total sprint time, average sprint time and percentage decrementsprint time, respectively). Tackle indices showed moderate to high reliability (ICC = 0.54, SEM = 16.5%; ICC = 0.61, SEM = 15.6%; ICC = 0.71, SEM = 12.3%, for total g-force, average g-force and percentage decrementtackle, respectively). The RHIE test provides reliable measures of sprint time and tackle indices. Tackle indices should be used as a validation criterion of the test, whereas total time should be considered as the test final result.