ABSTRACT
Antioxidant properties of marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) herb and extracts obtained with ethanol, n-hexane, and supercritical CO2 extraction are presented. Individual antioxidants, ursolic acid, carnosic acid, and carnosol, were quantified with high-performance liquid chromatography. The effects of different parameters (temperature and pressure) of high-pressure extraction on the yield of carnosol were studied. Furthermore, two marjoram herbs from Hungary and Egypt were compared measuring hydrogen-donating abilities with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl by spectrophotometric and the total scavenger capacities by chemiluminometric methods from the aqueous extracts of the herbs. The antioxidant activities of the solvent extracts were performed using the Rancimat method. The Egyptian herb and its extracts possessed better antioxidant activities than Hungarian ones. Applying supercritical CO2 extraction, the highest value of carnosol was obtained at 400 bar and 60 degrees C.
Subject(s)
Antioxidants/analysis , Origanum/chemistry , Phenols/analysis , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Triterpenes/analysis , Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid , Egypt , Hungary , Plant Extracts/chemistry , SolventsABSTRACT
Extraction of pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids) from marjoram (Origanum majorana L.) with supercritical carbon dioxide was investigated. The aim of this study was to map the effects of extraction pressure and temperature on the yield of coloring materials by applying a 3(2) full factorial design with three repeated tests in the center of the design. For comparison, laboratory and pilot plant Soxhlet extractions were carried out using ethanol and n-hexane solvents. The compositions of pigments in marjoram extracts were determined by HPLC. Similar amounts of carotenoids, in addition to 40% of chlorophylls and their derivatives, were recovered from the supercritical fluid extraction, in comparison to the ethanol Soxhlet extraction.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid , Lamiaceae/chemistry , Pigments, Biological/isolation & purification , Carbon Dioxide , Carotenoids/analysis , Carotenoids/isolation & purification , Chlorophyll/analysis , Chlorophyll/isolation & purification , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Pigments, Biological/analysisABSTRACT
The quality assurance initiative was taken in 1984 in Papua New Guinea as a result of numerous public criticisms of the services and the care given and/or observed by patients and the community. The approach to quality assurance chosen for this nursing audit is a problem-oriented and patient-focused structure, process and outcome method based on World Health Organization principles and adapted from the Dynamic Standard Setting System.
