Frequency and cost of crashes, fatalities, and injuries involving disabled vehicles.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the total number and cost of crashes, fatalities, and injuries that could be addressed by improved conspicuity of disabled vehicles to approaching traffic. METHODS: Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) and the Crash Report Sampling System (CRSS) this study defines three crash scenarios where insufficient conspicuity of a disabled vehicle ("low conspicuity emergency") resulted in injury or death: Scenario 1) Moving vehicle strikes non-moving vehicle following an initial event; Scenario 2) Pedestrian (primarily a motorist who has exited their vehicle) is struck while tending to a disabled or stopped vehicle; and Scenario 3) A vehicle departs the roadway and crashes unnoticed and rescue initiation is delayed significantly. RESULTS: Annually, between the years 2016 and 2018, an estimated 71,693 people were involved in low conspicuity emergency events, including 566 fatalities and 14,371 injuries. Most (95 %) of these cases occurred under scenario 1. Notable, however, is the severity of scenario 2 crashes where the majority were severely injured (22 %) or killed (19 %). Based on the FARS data, nearly 300 people were killed under scenario 2 each year and cases have increased 27 % since 2014. Overall, crashes under these three scenarios resulted in an annual estimated $8.8 billion in societal costs, including the economic costs of medical payments and wage loses in addition to the value of quality of life lost due to death or disability. Scenario 1 crashes resulted in an average of $4.3 billion in losses, scenario 2 crashes in $3.4 billion in losses, and scenario 3 crashes in $1.2 billion in losses annually. CONCLUSIONS: A significant number of people die or are injured in low conspicuity events every year; an estimated 1.55 deaths and nearly 40 injuries per day. This analysis highlights the risks to a special subset of pedestrians: motorists who exited their vehicles to attend to a disabled or stopped vehicle. These deaths and injuries that result from crashes related to low-conspicuity events are preventable. Countermeasures to reduce the incidence and severity of the crash scenarios studied should be explored.

Field effectiveness evaluation of advanced driver assistance systems.

OBJECTIVE: Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) are a class of vehicle technologies designed to increase safety by providing drivers with timely warnings and autonomously intervening to avoid hazardous situations. Though laboratory testing suggests that ADAS technologies will greatly impact crash involvement rates, real-world evidence that characterizes their effectiveness is still limited. This study evaluates and quantifies the association of ADAS technologies with the likelihood of a moderate or severe crash for new-model BMWs in the United States. METHODS: Vehicle ADAS option information for the cohort of model year 2014 and later BMW passenger vehicles sold after January 1, 2014 (n = 1,063,503), was coded using VIN-identified options data. ADAS technologies of interest include frontal collision warning with autonomous emergency braking, lane departure warning, and blind spot detection. BMW Automated Crash Notification system data (from January 2014 to November 2017) were merged with vehicle data by VIN to identify crashed vehicles (n = 15,507), including date, crash severity (delta V), and area of impact. Using Cox proportional hazards regression modeling, the study calculates the adjusted hazard ratio for crashing among BMW passenger vehicles with versus without ADAS technologies. The adjusted percentage reduction in moderate and severe crashes associated with ADAS is interpreted as one minus the hazard ratio. RESULTS: Vehicles equipped with both autonomous emergency braking and lane departure warning were 23% less likely to crash than those not equipped (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.81), controlling for model year, vehicle size and body type. Autonomous emergency braking and lane departure warning generally occur together, making it difficult to tease apart their individual effects. Blind spot detection was associated with a 14% reduction in crashes after controlling for the presence of autonomous emergency braking and lane departure warning (HR =0.86; 95% CI, 0.744-0.99). Differences were observed by vehicle type and crash type. The combined effect of autonomous emergency braking and lane departure warning was greater in newer model vehicles: Equipped vehicles were 13% less likely to crash (HR =0.87; 95% CI, 0.79-0.95) among 2014 model year vehicles versus 34% less likely to crash (HR =0.66; 95% CI, 0.57-0.77) among 2017 model year vehicles. CONCLUSION: This robust cohort study contributes to the growing evidence on the effectiveness of ADAS technologies.