Developing the questionnaire of general population knowledge, attitudes and practices towards the COVID-19 outbreak.

AIM: To develop the general population knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) questionnaire towards the COVID-19 outbreak. DESIGN: A methodological study. METHODS: The general population KAP questionnaire items were designed using a literature review. A panel of experts was used to calculate content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). Construct validity was examined using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and hypothesis testing. Internal consistency of the questionnaire was measured using Cronbach's α coefficient. Eight hundred forty-seven patients referred to health centres in Tabriz, Iran completed the questionnaire in 2021. RESULTS: The developed questionnaire consisted of three parts, including knowledge, attitudes and practices. EFA identified three dimensions for the knowledge (ways of transmission and prevention, high-risk groups, and symptoms and treatment), three dimensions for the attitudes (hope, fear and view of the vaccine) and three for the practices (adherence to personal and public hygiene, limiting their presence in society and protecting yourself in the community). The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin index for knowledge, attitudes and practices was 0.733, 0.725 and 0.886, respectively, with a significant Bartlett's test of sphericity (p < 0.01). The hypotheses of knowledge and attitudes that are the related factors of practices were confirmed. Cronbach's α was 0.63, 0.74, 0.77, 0.1 and 0.85 for knowledge; fear, hope and view of the vaccine subscales of attitudes; and practices, respectively. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: The developed 47-item questionnaire had acceptable validity and reliability. Thus, nurses can use it to assess the clients' KAP during the COVID-19 outbreak. Also, nursing researchers can use this questionnaire in their descriptive and interventional studies.

The Perceived Informational Needs of Family Caregivers of Children Hospitalized in a Burn Department: A Cross-sectional Study.

Children are most vulnerable to burn injuries, and their families are their most important source of support. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the information needs of such parents and support them to help children adapt to the new situation, recover to pre-accident conditions, and reintegrate into school and society. This study aimed to investigate the perceived information needs of family caregivers of children admitted to the burn wards of hospitals. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 family caregivers of children admitted to the burn ward of a hospital in Tabriz, Iran. Participants were selected through convenience sampling, and the required data were collected by using questionnaires on socio-demographic information, information needs, information resources, and information acquisition methods. The obtained data were analyzed statistically using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage) and inferential statistics (Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman correlation tests). Results indicated that the greatest informational need among family caregivers was related to the child's condition. The treatment team was identified as the most important source of information for them. It was found that information should be provided in a comprehensive and understandable manner, while maintaining honesty and human dignity. The study findings contribute to our understanding of the specific information needs of family caregivers in managing the medical care of children with burns. These findings can serve as a basis for interventions and support services aimed at meeting the needs of these families and improving the quality of care for children with burns.

Health anxiety and its association with perceived subjective workload in psychiatric nurses during the COVID-19 outbreak: a correlational study.

Background: Health care professionals, especially nurses, experience added workload, and psychological impact during the COVID-19 outbreak. This study aimed to investigate health anxiety and its association with perceived subjective workload in nurses working in psychiatric hospital wards. Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 206 nurses working in the psychiatric wards of Razi Psychiatry Hospital in Tabriz, Iran, in 2020-2021. Census sampling was applied and data were collected using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index, and the Health Anxiety Inventory. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and Pearson correlation in SPSS software version 16. Results: The mean (SD) of health anxiety and workload of nurses was 23/22(6/86) score range of 0-54 and 71.46 (12.37) score range of 0-100, respectively. The correlation between the mean of health anxiety and workload was significant only in the temporary dimension. Conclusions: Given the high workload and moderate level of health anxiety and the significant correlation between health anxiety and the temporary dimension of workload and the important role of appropriate workload in the health of nurses and the quality of nursing care, organizations and nursing managers should provide some strategies, like stuff shortage management in psychiatric wards and creating a suitable organizational culture.

Sperm and oocyte as carriers for bovine viral diarrhoea virus biotypes during in vitro fertilization.

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is an important viral agent causing the reproductive failure in cattle. The objectives of the study were to assess the role of male and female gametes, as carriers of cytopathic (CP) and non-cytopathic (NCP) BVDV to embryonic cells during in vitro fertilization. In this respect, sperm and oocytes were separately exposed to concentrations of 104.5 or 105.5 TCID50 /mL CP and NCP BVDV, for 2 h before fertilization. After washing, the intact gametes with the infected gametes were inseminated. Seven days post-fertilization, the virus-exposed embryos were examined for presence of the viral genome by RT-PCR. One-way anova with post-hoc Tukey's HSD test and an independent samples t-test were used to compare within and between groups, respectively. The results presented a significant decrease in the blastocyst rates for CP-infected groups than NCP-infected groups (p ≤ .01). Compared to the controls and the infected oocyte groups, the cleavage rates of the infected sperm groups (NCP and CP BVDV) were significantly reduced both in low (104.5 TCID50 /mL) and high (105.5 TCID50 /mL) titres of the virus (p ≤ .01). The proportion of embryos which was developed to blastocyst stages was significantly lower for CP and NCP-infected groups than the control groups (p ≤ .001). According to the molecular results, all samples of the retarded/degenerated embryos (at least one blastocyst within each one) in CP and NCP groups, one sample (at least one blastocyst in that) within a CP-infected group, and six samples (at least one blastocyst in each one of those) of NCP-infected groups contained the viral nucleic acid. Likewise, the results of viral enrichment showed all reactions in which RT-PCR were positive induced CPEs in MDBK monolayers. In conclusion, it is clear that CP and NCP BVDV were able to traverse zona pellucida during fertilization, and they had also negative effects on embryo development.

Internalized Stigma and its Association with Hope, Self-Esteem, Self-Efficacy, and Treatment Adherence among Outpatients with Severe Mental Illness: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

Background: This study investigated the association between internalized stigma and hope, self-esteem, self-efficacy, and treatment adherence and explored the most influential and predictive factor of internalized stigma among patients with severe mental disorders. Materials and Methods: This correlational descriptive study was conducted on 257 outpatients diagnosed with severe mental illness according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-V) diagnostic criteria. The participants were seeking treatment at outpatient and affiliated clinics of Razi Hospital, Iran, from October 2018 to May 2019. We used a convenient sampling design. Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness scale, Dispositional Hope Scale, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, General Self-Efficacy Scale, and Drug Attitude Inventory were used to gather data. The data were analyzed using inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, coefficient logistic, and regression analyses) at a 0.05 significance level. Results: The mean (standard deviation) score of internalized stigma was 1.57 (0.49), and 58% of the participants reported moderate to high internalized stigma. A negative significant relationship was found between internalized stigma and hope (r = -0.55, p < 0.05), self-esteem (r = -0.66, p < 0.05), and self-efficacy (r = -0.64, p < 0.05). Treatment adherence was not found to be significantly associated with the internalized stigma. In the final regression model, self-esteem and self-efficacy significantly predicted internalized stigma. Conclusions: Given the crucial role of self-esteem and self-efficacy in predicting internalized stigma, nurses should devote special attention to these factors and use strategies to improve individuals' self-esteem and self-efficacy.

Effect of bovine viral diarrhea virus biotypes exposure on bovine gametes in early embryonic development in vitro.

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is an important viral agent causing reproductive failure in cattle. The objectives of the current study were to investigate the interaction between two BVDV biotypes, cytopathic (CP) and Non-cytopathic (NCP) and bovine gametes during in vitro fertilization (IVF) processing, the existence of the virus within embryonic cells and early embryonic development rates. Sperm and ova were exposed separately to CP and NCP BVDV at two concentrations of 104.5 and 105.5 tissue culture infectious dose 50.00% (TCID50) mL-1 prior to IVF, respectively. After five days post-IVF, early embryonic development rates of infected groups were assessed. Several embryos of each group, normal and degenerated, were selected for a viral assay using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technique. The result showed that the early embryonic development rates were decreased in treatment groups. The rates in the CP groups were lower than the NCP groups. In the CP groups, the proportions were, respectively, 10.00, 6.00 and 11.00, and 6.00% in the infected sperm and oocyte groups (104.5 and 105.5 TCID50 mL-1) that were higher than 50.00% in the control group. In NCP groups, the rates were, respectively, 25.00, 18.00 and 24.00, and 21.00% in the infected groups compared to 48.00% in the control group. In the CP groups, no BVDV was detected in normal embryos, whereas, all degenerated embryos were completely virus-positive. In the NCP groups, the virus was detected in both normal and degenerated embryos. In conclusion, this study supported detrimental impacts of CP and NCP BVDV on early embryonic development and the role of sperm and the zona pellucida layer as carriers of the virus.

The association between TIPARP gene polymorphisms rs2665390 and ovarian cancer susceptibility.

Ovarian cancer is taken as the most typical malignancy among women and the ninth most typical cancer in Iran. Predictive tools are of great importance as ovarian cancer is usually detected in patients at later stages of the disease. In other countries, the TIPARP gene rs2665390 has been reported to be pertinent to ovarian cancer as a risk factor. This study aims to examine if this polymorphism pertains to the risk of ovarian cancer to diagnose suitable biomarkers in the Iranian population. Method: In the present case-control piliot study, peripheral blood samples were gathered from 60 control subjects and 60 patients with ovarian cancer. The gene was determined by Tetra ARMS PCR after DNA extraction. Tetra ARMS PCR is a flexible, rapid, and cost-effective method to detect allele-specific DNA polymorphisms. The data were analyzed by chi-square test. Results: The results indicated that there was a significant association between the T/T and C/C genotypes distribution and C and T allele in ovarian cancer for rs2665390 polymorphism in the two populations. In addition, significant correlations were observed in patients with the (T/T) genotype (p = 0.0048) as frequencies of ovarian cancer decreased. Discussion & Conclusions: Based on the results, rs2665390 polymorphism of TiPARP gene might be pertained to the susceptibility of ovarian cancer in the Iranian pilot population, which can be used as a suitable biomarker for the population and help physicians with their predictions. However, more studies need to be conducted in this area to broaden our horizons on this issue.

Development of "The Safe Psychiatric Ward Battery".

This study reports the development process and psychometric testing of the safe environment in psychiatric wards instrument. In this mixed-methods study, the concept of a safe environment was explained with a qualitative study by performing semi-structured interviews with patients and staff and ward observation. Then, the items of the instrument were designed using qualitative data and a literature review. Content and construct validity, internal consistency, stability, and inter-rater agreement were evaluated. This study produced an instrument consisting of two sections. The first section was a scale (α = .920). Exploratory factor analysis of the scale identified two dimensions of "engagement" (α = .931) and "perception" of the physical environment (α = .760). The second section was a checklist with two dimensions, "accident-free living environment" and "staff empowerment." The intra-class correlation coefficients for the scale and checklist were .912 and .809, respectively. This study suggests that this instrument is a valid and reliable tool to assess safety in psychiatric wards.

It's all not negative: a cross-section study on the impacts of Covid-19 pandemic on Iranian population.

BACKGROUND: Covid-19 has had significant effects on the quality of life of individuals around the world. Research highlights many negative impacts related to Covid-19; however, there are also potential positive impacts. The current study aimed to identify both the perceived negative and positive effects of Covid-19 among the residents of Tabriz, Iran. MATERIALS & METHODS: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 10 health centers in Tabriz city in 2021. Cluster random sampling was used to select the 861 study participants. A questionnaire was developed to collect demographic and Covid-19 impacts. Data were analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS 16 software. RESULTS: The mean (SD) of negative and positive impacts of Covid-19 was 37.7 (5.10) and 36.35 (5.31), respectively. Significant negative impacts included restriction in participation in cultural (90.4%) and religious (88.9%) activities. Positive impacts were increased attention to personal hygiene (88.7%) and attention to elders (87.6%). Gender (p = 0.006), work status (p = 0.004) and age (p = 0. 01) had significant association with the mean of negative impacts and work status (p = 0.01), age (p < 0.001), history of Covid-19 (p = 0.01) and family history of Covid-19 (p < 0.001) had the significant association with the mean of positive impacts of Covid-19. CONCLUSION: The findings revealed that the general population experienced many negative impacts of Covid-19. This may be related to the priority of religious gatherings in Iranian culture. Despite the unfavorable effects of Covid-19, its positive effects and post-traumatic growth should not be ignored. Covid-19 may be used as an opportunity to develop personal growth and a positive outlook on life. Healthcare workers should reinforce the positive impacts of Covid-19 while taking into consideration the importance of spirituality among Iranian individuals during times of community lockdowns.

Gaming disorder among students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences: The frequency and related factors.

Background: Gaming disorder has been identified as a health problem. Disorders in emerging adulthood might negatively affect individuals' attitude toward the world, their communication with others, and formation of their personal identity. Thus, the present study was performed to identify the frequency of gaming disorder and its related factors among students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Methods: A total of 813 undergraduate students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences participated in this descriptive correlational study in 2018. All students filled the personal-social information form and Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and gamers filled gaming behaviors form and Internet gaming disorder-20 test (IGD). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient, t- test, ANOVA, chi-square, and multiple linear regression. Results: A total of 394 (48.5%) students were currently playing games. The mean of IGD scores among the gamers was 45.47 ±13.93, and 17 (4.3%) of them were recognized as having gaming disorder. The frequency of the disorder among all students was 17 (2.1%). Being male, playing online games, and having access to all 3 gaming devices (computer, smart phone, and tablet) were recognized as determining factors of gaming disorder. Conclusion: This study revealed that almost half of the university students were playing video and or on line games; however, a low percentage of the gamers had addictive gaming behaviors. The results indicated the necessity of applying modifications to individuals' gaming methods as well as implementing the individual and family-centered interventions to prevent and manage gaming disorder.

Internet Dependency and Its Relation to Sexual Desire and Satisfaction in Married Clients Referred to Healthcare Centers in Tabriz, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Internet dependency has become one of the 21st century dilemmas affecting different aspects of married life such as sexual relationships. Considering the importance of family in the Iranian society, this study aimed to determine how internet dependency is related to sexual desires and satisfaction among married clients of healthcare centers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 326 married clients referred to healthcare centers in Tabriz City, Iran, between February and August 2019. Proportionate stratified random sampling was used based on the health complexes and the healthcare centers covered by them. One of the healthcare centers covered by each complex was selected randomly. The data collection tools included a demographic characteristics checklist, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), the Index of Sexual Satisfaction (ISS), and the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Desire (HISD). The collected data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient test and multiple linear regression model. RESULTS: The mean (SD) was 37.33 (15.37) for of internet dependency, 59.20 (17.27) for sexual desire, and 104.45 (22.81) for sexual satisfaction. There was a negative correlation between internet dependency and sexual satisfaction (r = -0.47, p < 0.001). This correlation remained significant (B = -0.41, df = 9, p < 0.001,) even when occupation (B = 3.66, p = 0.01), satisfaction with married life (B = 15.34, p < 0.001), and sexual desire (B = 0.60, p < 0.001) were adjusted as potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS: Internet dependency can cause a reduction in sexual desire and sexual satisfaction. Designing educational interventions in healthcare centers is recommended to manage the use of internet and to inform clients about the effects that internet dependency may have.

The Relationship between Nurses' Moral Sensitivity and Patients' Satisfaction with the Care Received in the Medical Wards.

Introduction: The quality of care affects patients' satisfaction. To provide high quality care, nurses face ethical challenges in daily practice. Moral sensitivity is the first phase in moral implementation. This study aimed to determine the relationship between nurses' moral sensitivity and patients' satisfaction in medical wards. Methods: In descriptive correlational study 198 nurses and 198 patients in 17 medical wards filled out the Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire (MSQ) and Patient Satisfaction with Nursing Care Quality Questionnaire (PSNCQQ), respectively. Nurses were sampled by the census method. For each nurse, a patient was selected randomly from the same ward. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 13. Results: The highest scores were in the dimensions of "relational orientation" and "following the rules", and the lowest scores were in the dimensions of "autonomy" and "experiencing moral conflicts". The highest level of patients' satisfaction was with "nurses' professional performance" 3.98 (1.09), and the lowest level was with "nurses' routine work" 2.69 (1.22). There was no significant relationship between the mean of patient satisfaction and moral sensitivity of nurses. Conclusion: Considering that nurses had a higher score in dimension of "following the rules" and a lower score in dimension of "autonomy", it seems ethical performance in the real situation is not merely due to the nurses' moral sensitivity and it seems the complexity of the organization causes nurses face difficulties in making decisions related to clinical practice; therefore, policy makers in the health system should be able to identify barriers.

Coping strategies of family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia in Iran: A cross-sectional survey.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to identify coping strategies used by family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia and their determinants. METHODS: This was a descriptive correlational study. Participants were 225 family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia who were referred to the psychiatric clinic at one large teaching referral hospital in Iran. They were selected through purposive sampling method. Data collection tools were demographic and clinical data form, the Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI) and the Family Coping Questionnaire (FCQ). RESULTS: The score of caregiver burden was 65.14 ±â€¯9.17. Of 225 family caregivers, 23.11% used an avoiding coping strategy. There was a significant relationship between caregiver burden and coping strategies (P < 0.001). The regression model showed that adaptive coping strategies were significantly associated with some demographic characteristics including age, education level, gender, employment status, losing the job because of caregiving responsibilities, perceived income adequacy, duration of illness, duration of caregiving and caregiver burden (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Family caregivers of patients with schizophrenia experience a high level of burden, which can put them at risk of using maladaptive coping strategies. Mental health professionals should plan programs that support both family caregivers and patients in clinical and community settings.

Relationship between nurses' moral sensitivity and the quality of care.

BACKGROUND: To provide care with high quality, nurses face a number of moral issues requiring them to have moral abilities in professional performance. Moral sensitivity is the first step in moral performance. However, its relation to the quality of care patients receive is controversial. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: This study aims to determine the relationship between the moral sensitivity of nurses and the quality of care received by patients in the medical wards. RESEARCH DESIGN: A descriptive correlational study using validated tools, including Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and the Quality Patient Quality Scale. PARTICIPANTS AND RESEARCH CONTEXT: In total, 198 nurses and 198 patients in 17 medical wards of hospitals affiliated with Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Iran. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS: The study was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. FINDINGS: The mean values of nurses' moral sensitivity and nurses' quality care were 136.47 ± 13.30 and 196.36 ± 44.10, respectively. There was no significant relationship between the patient care quality and nurses' moral sensitivity (r = -.14, p = .5). However, there was a significant inverse relationship between the dimension of "Experiencing moral conflicts" and the overall score of quality care (r = -.50, p = .04), the dimensions of "psychosocial (r = -.50, p = .04)" and "physical (r = -.50, p = .03)." CONCLUSION: Considering the significant inverse relationship between the score of patient quality care and the dimension of moral conflict experience, it seems when nurses make moral decisions, they experience a conflict between personal and professional values in their careers and thus experience moral tension. If this tension is not resolved properly, it can provide a way for them to distance themselves from patients, thereby making nurses indifferent to moral care.

Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Nine Suspected Familial Haemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Patients for MUNC13-4 Deficiency and Introducing Four Novel Mutations in UNC13D.

Familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHL) is a rare disorder of immune dysregulation. FHL inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern is classified into five subtypes based on underlying genetic defects. Mutations in four genes including PRF1, UNC13D, STX11 and STXBP2 are responsible for FHL2 to FHL5 respectively. The cause of FHL1 is associated with mutations in an unknown gene located at 9q21.3-22. This study aims to report the clinical features and genetic results of nine Iranian patients suffering from -haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Nine patients (five males and four females) suspected to FHL whose genetic evaluation of PRF1 and STX11 revealed no mutations, were entered the study to investigate UNC13D mutations. Primers were designed to amplify all coding regions and exon-intron boundaries of the gene. PCR products were then sequenced and analyzed by sequence analysis tools including BLAST. The most frequent clinical manifestations observed in the patients were fever and hepatosplenomegaly. In this study, five mutations were detected in UNC13D including four novel mutations (c.1434_1446delACCCATGGTGCAGinsTGGTGCT, c.1933C>T, c.1389+1G>C and c.2091+1G>A) besides to a previously reported deletion (c.627delT). The pathogenicity of the missense mutation was assessed using online prediction tools including SIFT and PolyPhen2. The study results may provide valuable information for genetic counseling especially for those who have a history of immunodeficiency diseases in their family and can be used for prenatal diagnosis.

Providing a Safe Environment in a Psychiatric Ward: Nurses and Vigilance in Iran.

The aim of this study was to explore nurses' use of vigilance in the provision of inpatient psychiatric care. In this qualitative exploratory descriptive design study, 16 nurses working in inpatient psychiatric units were recruited through purposive sampling. Data were collected by semi-structured interviews and fieldwork observations and analysed using conventional content analysis. According to participants, nurses' vigilance is related to synthesising knowledge, experience, communication, and presence. This conclusion was derived from four main themes: understanding the context of the psychiatric ward; continuous monitoring; cognitive assessments; and involving others. The study highlights the significance of education for all mental health staff and provision of appropriate information to all patients and their companions about psychiatric disorders and the side effects of prescribed medications. Of importance is the skill of active listening to the concerns of patients and the demonstration of commitment by nurses to follow-up on reports from stakeholders. Imparting the skills and experiences of senior nurses to novice nurses and their presence alongside other nurses on work-shifts can be effective in promoting vigilance.

Therapeutic Relationships and Safety of Care in Iranian Psychiatric Inpatient Units.

Enhancing therapeutic relationships between patients and staff is of central importance to improve the quality and safety of care in psychiatric inpatient units. However, there is limited evidence as to how therapeutic relationships may be enabled in this specific context. This paper presents findings of a study that explored the link between therapeutic relationships and safety in Iranian psychiatric inpatient units. In this exploratory, descriptive study, seven patients at the point of discharge and 19 staff in psychiatric inpatient units in Iran were interviewed regarding their experiences of care. The quality of staff-patient relationship in providing a safe environment was categorized into two groups of "facilitators" and "inhibitors". Facilitators of a safe environment included "supportive relationship with patients" and "improving patient capacity for self-efficacy/self-control". Inhibitors, on the other hand, included "detachment from patients" and "domination over patients", which ultimately limited safety on the ward. Findings indicate interrelated environmental, patient and staff factors mediating the potential for therapeutic relationships and quality and safety of care. Findings suggest the need for more effective preparation and support for staff working within psychiatric inpatient settings. In addition, environments more conducive to collaborative recovery-oriented practice are required to enhance therapeutic relationships and improve quality and safety of care. Both individual staff responsibility and effective leadership are required to realize change.

How to Prevent Workplace Incivility?: Nurses' Perspective.

BACKGROUND: Many articles have studied workplace incivility and its influence on outcomes, but very few have been conducted to assess how to prevent this issue. In this study, we aimed to determine how to prevent workplace incivility from the nurses' perspective. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a qualitative study which was based on a conventional content analysis approach. Thirty four nurses (25 to 52 years old) from seven training hospitals in Tabriz, Iran were selected through purposive sampling. Thirty six semi-structured interviews and eight field notes were analyzed. RESULTS: The data analysis revealed 417 codes, ten categories, three subthemes and one theme, that is, A Need for a Comprehensive Attempt. Attempt of organization, nurses, and public as subthemes are needed to prevent workplace incivility. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study indicated that a comprehensive and systematic attempt was needed to prevent incivility. Nurses should try to improve their skills; officials should try to show the real image and position of nurses and hospitals to the community.

Other Side of Breast Cancer: Factors Associated with Caregiver Burden.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine factors associated with caregiver burden among primary caregivers of women with breast cancer in Iran. METHODS: This was a descriptive correlation study conducted in 2012 on 150 main caregivers of patients with breast cancer who came to the oncology clinic of Shahid Ghazi hospital in Tabriz, Iran. A questionnaire which included caregiving-related factors and the Zarit Burden Interview was used for data collection after its validity and reliability were determined. Data was analyzed using SPSS 13.0 software with descriptive and analytic statistics. The association between significant variables and the dependent variable with an observation of the effects of other variables was assessed using the multiple linear regression model. RESULTS: The mean age of caregivers was 39.60 ± 13.80 years old, and 77 (51.3%) of them were men. The mean score of the Zarit Burden Interview was 30.55 ± 19.18. In the regression model, the mean score of activities of daily living, level of education, gender, and financial status were identified as the determining factors of the burden of caregivers. CONCLUSIONS: Primary caregivers need to be financially supported by the relevant organizations. Care skills training and providing palliative care seem helpful in reducing the pain and the burden of family caregivers for patients with breast cancer.

The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Perception of Job Performance among Nurses in North West of Iran.

Emotional intelligence skills help nurses to cope with the emotional demands of healthcare environment. The aim of this study was to identify the relationship between emotional intelligence and perception of job performance among nurses. Using a correlational descriptive design with stratified random sampling, 338 registered nurses from teaching hospitals in North West of Iran were surveyed. Emotional intelligence and perception of job performance were measured using validated self-report measures. The collected data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential methods using SPSS/13. The mean of nurses' emotional intelligence and their perception of job performance was, respectively, 235.83 ± 37.98 and 157.63 ± 33.23. There was no significant relationship between nurses' emotional intelligence and their perception of job performance. Although there was a significant relationship between intrapersonal subscale of emotional intelligence and job performance, there was none with other subscales. In order to get rid of the physical and psychological effects of stressful work in wards, it seems that nurses just do routine activities and refuse working closely with the patients. It seems that fitting the patient to nurse ratio, dividing work between nurses, and supporting each other are necessary.